Covid-19 effects on tourism industry, case of Hungary.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33032/acr.6009Kulcsszavak:
Covid, tourism, international, domestic, accommodationAbsztrakt
Covid-19 had its critical effects on each aspect of life, especially on tourism sector. Both domestic and international tourism have suffered from the consequences to confront this pandemic, but the recovery and the adoption was not at the same level. This study aimed to give a closer view of both domestic and international tourism performance regarding covid-19 based on touristic accommodation facilities data of Hungary. The SPSS program was adopted to conduct the necessary statistical analysis, where the paired Student's t test was applied to analyse the data. The P-values of the test were significant for almost all of hypotheses. This study revealed that: (i) Covid had its bad effect on tourism, but it has changed tourists’ preferences; (ii) Domestic tourism had a better performance comparing with the international tourism except the revenue before and after covid era; and (iii) both, domestic and international tourism still need more time to recover and return to the previous situation.
Hivatkozások
Adamiak, C. and Szyda, B. (2022) ‘Combining Conventional Statistics and Big Data to Map Global Tourism Destinations Before COVID-19’, Journal of Travel Research, 61(8), pp. 1848–1871. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211051418
Alreahi, M., Bujdosó, Z., Kabil, M., et al. (2023) ‘Green Human Resources Management in the Hotel Industry: A Systematic Review’, Sustainability, 15(1), p. 99. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010099
Alreahi, M., Bujdosó, Z., Dávid, L.D., et al. (2023) ‘Green Supply Chain Management in Hotel Industry: A Systematic Review’, Sustainability, 15(7). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075622
Alreahi, M., Bujdosó, Z., Lakner, Z., et al. (2023) ‘Sustainable Tourism in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Investigating the Effect of Green Practices on Hotels Attributes and Customer Pre-ferences in Budapest, Hungary’, Sustainability, 15(15), p. 11859. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511859
Altuntas, F. and Gok, M.S. (2021) ‘The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic tou-rism: A DEMATEL method analysis on quarantine decisions’, International Journal of Hospita-lity Management, 92, p. 102719. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102719
Ansarinasab, M. and Saghaian, S. (2023) ‘Outbound, Inbound and Domestic Tourism in the Post-COVID-19 Era in OECD Countries’, Sustainability, 15(12). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129412
Araña, J.E. and León, C.J. (2008) ‘The impact of terrorism on tourism demand’, Annals of Tour-ism Research, 35(2), pp. 299–315. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.08.003
Arbulú, I. et al. (2021) ‘Can domestic tourism relieve the COVID-19 tourist industry crisis? The case of Spain’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, p. 100568. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100568
Baker, D.Mc.A. (2014) ‘The Effects of Terrorism on the Travel and Tourism Industry’, 2(1), pp. 58–67. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21427/D7VX3D
Bakucz, M. et al. (2021) ‘An analysis of the major factors shaping the tourism-related spending of senior citizens in Hungary’, Regional Statistics, 11(2), pp. 183–201. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15196/RS110208
Blake, A., Sinclair, M.T. and Sugiyarto, G. (2003) ‘Quantifying the Impact of Foot and Mo-uth Disease on Tourism and the UK Economy’, Tourism Economics, 9(4), pp. 449–465. Avai-lable at: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000003322663221
Boger, C.A., Varghese, N. and Rittapirom, S.D. (2005) ‘The Impact of the September 11 Attacks on Airline Arrivals and Conventions in Nine Major U.S. Cities’, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 7(2), pp. 21–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J452v07n02_02
Boukas, N. and Ziakas, V. (2014) ‘A Chaos Theory Perspective of Destination Crisis and Sus-tainable Tourism Development in Islands: The Case of Cyprus’, Tourism Planning & Deve-lopment, 11(2), pp. 191–209. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.864995
Budapest Business School in Budapest et al. (2020) ‘Relationships between cycle theories, sus-tainable tourism, and the effects of the COVID-19 in Hungary’, Economic Annals-ХХI, 185(9–10), pp. 79–90. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V185-08
Bujdosó, Z. and Dr. Dávid, L.D. (2013) ‘Extreme sports and other activities in tourism with spe-cial regard to the Mátra Mountain’, Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 13, pp. 39–45. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2013.01007
Burdenski, T. (2002) ‘Evaluating Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Normality Using Graph-ical Procedures’, Mult. Lin. Regression Viewpoints, 26.
Cafiso, G., Cellini, R. and Cuccia, T. (2018) ‘Do economic crises lead tourists to closer des-tinations? Italy at the time of the Great Recession: Tourism and economic crises’, Papers in Re-gional Science, 97(2), pp. 369–386. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12242
Chen, A. and Peng, N. (2023) ‘Antecedents to Consumers’ Green Hotel Stay Purchase Be-havior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The influence of green consumption value, emoti-onal ambiv-alence, and consumers’ perceptions’, Tourism Management Perspectives, 47, p. 101107. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101107
Cornwell, D. and Roberts, B. (no date) ‘The 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Overseas Travel to the United States: Initial Impacts and Longer-Run Recovery’.
ECLAC (2010) THE TOURISM SECTOR AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS DE-VELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CARIBBEAN. article LC/CAR/L.255. Subre-gional Headquarters for the Caribbean: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Car-ibbean, pp. 1–41. Available at: https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8e6ec9ed-e2ef-48e8-b3ca-15d54722673b/content
Elkhwesky, Z. et al. (2022) ‘Sustainable practices in hospitality pre and amid COVID-19 pan-demic: Looking back for moving forward post-COVID-19’, Sustainable Development, 30(5), pp. 1426–1448. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2304
Falk, M.T., Hagsten, E. and Lin, X. (2022) ‘Domestic tourism demand in the North and the South of Europe in the Covid-19 summer of 2020’, The Annals of Regional Science, 69(2), pp. 537–553. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-022-01147-5
Frey, B.S., Luechinger, S. and Stutzer, A. (2007) ‘CALCULATING TRAGEDY: ASSES-SING THE COSTS OF TERRORISM’, Journal of Economic Surveys, 21(1), pp. 1–24. Availab-le at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00505.x
Gyurkó, Á., Zoltán Bujdosó, Al Fauzi Rahmat, Lóránt Dénes Dávid (2024): Characterisa-tion of Hungary’s Regional Tourism and Economic Performance between 2004 and 2022 in the Light of EU Funding. Geographica Pannonica 28(1): 20-33. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp28-48906
Hamilton, J.M. and Tol, R.S.J. (2007) ‘The impact of climate change on tourism in Ger-many, the UK and Ireland: a simulation study’, Regional Environmental Change, 7(3), pp. 161–172. Availa-ble at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-007-0036-2
Haque, T.H. and Haque, M.O. (2018) ‘The swine flu and its impacts on tourism in Brunei’, Jour-nal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, pp. 92–101. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.003
Ibrahim, M. and mohd shariff, mohd noor (2014) ‘Strategic Orientation, Access to Finance, Business Environment and SMEs Performance in Nigeria: Data Screening and Preliminary Analysis’.
Imbeah, N., Khademi-Vidra, A. & Bujdoso Z. (2020). Assessment Of Tourists’ Perceptions On Safety At The Cape Coast Tourist Destination In Ghana. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosi-tes, 28(1), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.28117-464
Johann, M. (2022) ‘CSR Strategy in Tourism during the COVID-19 Pandemic’, Sustainability, 14(7), p. 3773. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073773
Kalmár-Rimóczi, C. (2019) ‘Touristic Motivation and Lifestyles of Hungarian Domestic Tourists Correlation Study’, Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 13(1–2), pp. 47–54. Availa-ble at: https://doi.org/10.19041/APSTRACT/2019/1-2/5
Karakas, K. and Tatar, E. (2015) ‘Impacts of economic crisis on hotel industry – a Hungari-an case study’, Management, leadership and strategy for SMEs’ competitiveness, pp. 549–553. Avai-lable at: http://dx.doi.org/10.17626/dBEM.ICoM.P00.2015.p101
Khalid, U., Okafor, L.E. and Shafiullah, M. (2020) ‘The Effects of Economic and Financial Cri-ses on International Tourist Flows: A Cross-Country Analysis’, Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), pp. 315–334. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519834360
Koh, E. (2020) ‘The end of over-tourism? Opportunities in a post-Covid-19 world’, Interna-tional Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4), pp. 1015–1023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2020-0080
Kruger, E.A. and Douglas, A. (2015) ‘Constraints to consumption of South Africa’s national parks among the emerging domestic tourism market’, Development Southern Africa, 32(3), pp. 303–319. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2015.1010712
Kuo, H.-I. et al. (2007) ‘Avian flu and international tourism demand: A panel data analysis’, MODSIM07 - Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for Sustaina-bility, Pro-ceedings, pp. 1892–1898.
Kuo, H.-I. et al. (2008) ‘Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism de-mand to Asia’, Tourism Management, 29(5), pp. 917–928. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.10.006
Kuo, H.-I. et al. (no date) ‘Estimating the Impact of Avian Flu on International Tourism De-mand Using Panel Data’.
Lejnarová, Bc. and de Moura, I. (2021) ‘HOW THE FINANCIAL CRISIS IN ICELAND IN 2008 AFFECTED THE ECONOMY’. OECD. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/99f6e393-en
Leonidova, E. (2021) ‘Russian Tourism during the COVID-19: Assessing Effect of Stimu-lating Domestic Demand for the Country and Regions’ Economy’, Economic and Social Chan-ges: Facts, Trends, Forecast / Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз [Preprint], (2 (74)). Available at: https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.2.74.4
Lin, V.S. et al. (2022) ‘Multiple effects of “distance” on domestic tourism demand: A com-parison before and after the emergence of COVID-19’, Annals of Tourism Research, 95, p. 103440. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103440
Liu, C. and Yang, J. (2021) ‘How hotels adjust technology-based strategy to respond to COVID-19 and gain competitive productivity (CP): strategic management process and dynamic capabili-ties’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(9), pp. 2907–2931. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2020-1143
Maciel-Lima, S. et al. (2015) ‘The impact that the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic had on news reporting in the state of Paraná, Brazil’, História, ciências, saúde--Manguinhos, 22, pp. 273–91. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702015000100016
MahmutDemir, Ş.Ş., AliDalgıç, Fatma DoğanayErgen (2021) ‘Impact of COVID-19 pan-demic on the tourism industry: An evaluation from the hotel managers’ perspective’, Journal, 7(1), pp. 44–57.
Marques, C.P., Guedes, A. and Bento, R. (2022) ‘Rural tourism recovery between two COVID-19 waves: the case of Portugal’, Current Issues in Tourism, 25(6), pp. 857–863. Avai-lable at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1910216
MICE REPORT (2009) Impact of Influenza A (H1N1)/ Swine Flu on Business Travel. article issue3. Thailand: MICE REPORT, p. 8. Available at: https://www.businesseventsthailand.com/uploads/press_media/file/190903-file-9JsuxLUBi.pdf
Mueller, R. and Sobreira, N. (2024) ‘Tourism forecasts after COVID-19: Evidence of Por-tugal’, Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 5(1), p. 100127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2024.100127
Nguyen-Da, T. et al. (2023) ‘Tourism Demand Prediction after COVID-19 with Deep Learning Hybrid CNN–LSTM—Case Study of Vietnam and Provinces’, Sustainability, 15(9). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097179
Ņikadimovs, O. and Rodčenkova, A. (2021) ‘HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 CRISIS: REVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION AND SUSTAINAB-LE POST-CRISIS RESPONSE’, SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the Inter-national Scientific Conference, 6, pp. 449–467. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol6.6432
Njoya, E.T. et al. (2022) ‘The Effects of Diminished Tourism Arrivals and Expenditures Caused by Terrorism and Political Unrest on the Kenyan Economy’, Economies, 10(8), p. 191. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10080191
Odunga, P.O., Manyara, G. and Yobesia, M. (2020) ‘Estimating the direct contribution of tour-ism to Rwanda’s economy: Tourism satellite account methodology’, Tourism and Hospita-lity Research, 20(3), pp. 259–271. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358419857786
Page, S., Song, H. and Wu, D.C. (2012) ‘Assessing the Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis and Swine Flu on Inbound Tourism Demand in the United Kingdom’, Journal of Travel Re-search, 51(2), pp. 142–153. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511400754
Pambudi, D., McCaughey, N. and Smyth, R. (2009) ‘Computable general equilibrium esti-mates of the impact of the Bali bombing on the Indonesian economy’, Tourism Management, 30(2), pp. 232–239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.007
Péter, E. et al. (2019) ‘How People in Zala County See Security in Tourism’, DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 11(1), pp. 95–116. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32725/det.2019.006
Pine, R. and McKercher, B. (2004) ‘The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry’, In-ternational Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), pp. 139–143. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410520034
Prakash, S. et al. (2022) ‘Adopting green and sustainable practices in the hotel industry ope-rations- an analysis of critical performance indicators for improved environmental quality’, Man-agement of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, pp. 1–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2022-0090
Prommakhot, S., Arreeras, T. and Arimura, M. (2023) ‘Data on changes in travel destination preferences of Thai domestic travelers before and after the COVID-19 pandemic’, Data in Brief, 48, p. 109202. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109202
Remenyik, B. et al. (2021) ‘Overtourism in Budapest: Analysis of spatial process and sugges-ted solutions’, Regional Statistics, 11(3), pp. 179–197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15196/RS110303
Richards, G. and Fernandes, C. (2023) ‘Cultural Tourism During the (COVID)-19 Pande-mic in Portugal’, Tourism Culture & Communication, 23(2–3), pp. 219–231. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3727/109830422X16600594683427
Rosselló, J., Becken, S. and Santana-Gallego, M. (2020) ‘The effects of natural disasters on inter-national tourism: A global analysis’, Tourism Management, 79, p. 104080. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080
Rosselló, J., Santana-Gallego, M. and Awan, W. (2017) ‘Infectious disease risk and interna-tional tourism demand’, Health Policy and Planning, 32(4), pp. 538–548. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw177
Sadi, M.A. and Bartels, F.L. (1998) ‘The Asian Economic Crisis and International Business: Im-plications for Tourism’, The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, 6(1), pp. 85–100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10913211.1998.10653708
Shafiee, M. and Meymandi, F. (2022) ‘Conceptualization of inclination towards domestic tourism during COVID-19 crisis’, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism Leisure and Events [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2022.2082450
Sheldon, P. and Dwyer, L. (2010) ‘The Global Financial Crisis and Tourism: Perspectives of the Academy’, Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), pp. 3–4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509353191
Smeral, E. (2010) ‘Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism: Forecasts and Potential Risks’, Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), pp. 31–38. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509353192
Song, H. and Lin, S. (2010) ‘Impacts of the Financial and Economic Crisis on Tourism in Asia’, Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), pp. 16–30. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509353190
S.W.Chan, E. and H.C. Hsu, C. (2016) ‘Environmental management research in hospitality’, In-ternational Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(5), pp. 886–923. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2015-0076
Tan, C.-H. and Lee, S.-N. (2022) ‘THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRI-VALS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH UNDER DENGUE FEVER RISK IN MA-LAYSIA’, Journal of Economics and Sustainability, 4(2), pp. 27–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32890/jes2022.4.2.3
Tarigan, Z.J.H., Tanuwijaya, N.C. and Siagian, H. (2020) ‘DOES TOP MANAGEMENT AT-TENTIVENESS AFFECT GREEN PERFORMANCE THROUGH GREEN PURCHAS-ING AND SUPPLIER COLLABORATION?’, Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), pp. 1–10.
Tekin, E. (2015) ‘The Impacts of Political and Economic Uncertainties on the Tourism Industry in Turkey’, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), pp. 265–272. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s5p265
‘The fight against bird flu’ (2013) Nature, 496(7446), pp. 397–397. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/496397a
Volgger, M., Taplin, R. and Aebli, A. (2021) ‘Recovery of domestic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experimental comparison of interventions’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, pp. 428–440. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.015
Wang, Xiling et al. (2017) ‘Epidemiology of avian influenza A H7N9 virus in human beings across five epidemics in mainland China, 2013–17: an epidemiological study of laboratory-confirmed case series’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(8), pp. 822–832. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30323-7
Wilder-Smith, A. (2006) ‘The severe acute respiratory syndrome: Impact on travel and tou-rism’, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 4(2), pp. 53–60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2005.04.004
Wilder-Smith, A. (2012) ‘Dengue infections in travellers’, Paediatrics and International Child Health, 32(sup1), pp. 28–32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1179/2046904712Z.00000000050
Yang, H. and Chen, K. (2009) ‘A general equilibrium analysis of the economic impact of a tour-ism crisis: a case study of the SARS epidemic in Taiwan’, Journal of Policy Research in Tou-rism, Leisure and Events, 1(1), pp. 37–60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19407960902738313
Yu, L. et al. (2023) ‘Changes in tourist mobility after COVID-19 outbreaks’, Annals of Tourism Research, 98, p. 103522. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103522
Letöltések
Megjelent
Folyóirat szám
Rovat
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahmoud Alreahi, Zoltan Bujdoso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
