The Future of urban parks in Europe; The role of landscape architecture in design and research: 1. Design of parks and urban landscapes
1. Városi parkok és tájak tervezése
Keywords:
urban parkAbstract
This article is based on a presentation at a conference held in Budapest in 2013. It is part of a series of three articles that gives a broad overview of the design of urban public parks in a European context. This is the first in the series and focuses on design and research of parks and urban landscapes. We start with a short historical overview of urban park development. It sketches a development of gardens and parks as green elements towards the concept of park systems and eventually the creation of urban landscapes. In the second part the actual situation of the urban park is elaborated. This done by taking closer look at an approach basic for landscape architecture; the distinction between different levels of intervention and their design means. Two design approaches specifically for urban park design are further elaborated; urban & suburban, existing & newly designed parks. In the last part the focus is on the relation between design and research. The future and further development of landscape architecture as an academic discipline is predominantly based on research. The great amount of plans that have been made in the past can function as a research base for developing design knowledge which can be developed by systematic analysis of realised plans, nowadays called precedent analysis.
References
Bacon, E.N.: Design of cities London, Thames and Hudson, 1974, rev. ed. Paris 1982-3, Amsterdam, A&N Press, 1992; Cammen, H. van der (ed.): Four metropolises in Western Europe — Development and urban planning of Lon- don, Paris, Randstad Holland and the Ruhr region. Assen/Maastricht, 1988.; Font, A. (ed.): L’explosió de la citutat Morfologies, mirades i mocions sobre les transformacions territorials recents en les regions urbanes de l’Europa meridional — The explosion of the city Morphologies, observations and motions within recent territorial transformations in the south Europe urban regions. Barcelona, COAC Publ., 2004.
Baljon, L. Designing parks — An examination of contemporary approaches to design in landscape architecture, based on a comparative design analysis of entries for the Concours International: Parc de la Villette Paris 1982 – 3 Amsterdam, A&N Press, 1992
Chadwick, G.F.: The park and the town — Public landscape in the 19th and 20th century. London, The Architectural press, 1966.
Chadych, D. & D. Leborgne: Atlas de Paris — Evolution d’un paysage urbain. Paris, Parigramma, 1999.
Clément, G.: Le jardin en mouvement — de la vallée au parc André Citroën. Paris, 1994.
Forshaw, J.H. & P. Abercrombie: County of London plan — prepared for the London County Council London, Macmillan and Co., 1943.
Geddes, P.: Cities in evolution — An introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. London, Williams & Norgate, 1915.
Guillerme, A.: Les temps de l’eau — La cité, l’eau et les techniques — Nord de la France Fin IIIe - Début XIXe siècle. Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 1983.
Halprin, L.: Cities. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1972., Ward Thompson, 2002. op. cit., Hauxner, M.: Open to the sky — The second phase of the modern breakthrough 1950-1970 — Building and landscape, spaces and works, city landscapes. Copenhagen, The Danish Architectural Press, 2003., Hough, M.: City form & natural process — A basis for sustainability. London, Routledge, 1994/2004, 2nd ed., Spirn, 2006. op. cit.
Hargreaves, G.: Large parks: a designer’s perspective In: Czerniak, J. & G. Hargreaves (eds.): Large Parks New York, Princeton Univ. Press, 2007. p 121-175.
Holden, R.: An urban park for the 21st century — The competition. Landscape architecture 73v(1983) july. p 66-69., Barzilay, M. & C. Hayward & L. Lombard–Valentino: L’invention du parc — Parc de la Villette, Paris — Concours International — International competition 1982–1983. Paris, 1984.
Jacobs, J. & P. de Greef & C. Bosscher & B. Haasnoot & E. Wever & J.P. Speelman & M. de Jong (eds.): Waterplan 2 Rotterdam — working on water for an attractive city. Rotterdam, 2007, 2nd ed.
Konijnendijk & M. Annerstedt & A.B. Nielsen & S. Marutharveeran: Benefits of urban parks — A systematic review, Copenhagen/Alnarp, IFPRA, 2013.
Kostof, S.: The city assembled — The elements of urban form through history. London, Thames & Hudson, 2004.
Kostof, S.: The city shaped — Urban patterns and meanings through history. London, Thames & Hudson, 1999.
Lavedan, P.: Histoire de l’urbanisme III — Époque contemporaine. Paris, Henri Laurens Éd., 1952., Duby, G. & M. Agulhon: Histoire de la France urbaine — La ville de l’âge industriel — Le cycle Hausmannien — Tome 4. Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1958., Benevolo, L.: The European city — The making of Europe. Oxford, Blackwell, 1995.
Leclerc, B. & S.T. i Cid: Jean Claude Nicolas Forestier — Grandes villes et sytèmes de parcs — Suivi de deux mémoires sur les villes impériales du Maroc et sur Buenos Aires. Paris, Éd. Norma, 1997.
lsen, D.J.: The city as a work of art — London Paris Vienna. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1986.
Lund, A.: Guide to danish landcape architecture 1000-1996. Copenhagen, 1997
Mann, R.: Rivers in the city. Newton Abbot, 1973., Kostof, 1999. op. cit.
Marceca, M.L.: Reservoir, circulation, residue — J.C.A. Alphand, technological beauty and the green city. Lotus International (1981) 1 # 30. p 57-81.
More, T.A. & T. Stevens & P. Geoffrey Allen: Valuation of urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning 15 (1988) p 139-152.
Motloch, J.L.: Introduction to Landscape Design. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001, 2nd ed.
Moulaert, F. & A. Rodriquez & E. Swyngedouw (eds.): The globalized city — Economic restructuring and social polarization in European cities. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Nilsson, L.: Stockholm and green space 1850-2000; an introduction. in: Clark, P.: The European city and green space — London, Stockholm, Helsinki and St. Petersburg 1850-2000. Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006 . p 99-111.
Spirn, A.W.: Urban nature and human design. GHI Bulletin (2006) #39. p 45-64.
Tobey, G.B.: A history of landscape architecture — The relationship of people to environment. New York/London/Amsterdam, American Elsevier, 1973.
Toorn, M. van den & A. Guney: Precedent analysis in landscape architecture; in search of an analytical framework. in: Roozenburg, N.: Diversity and unity — IASDR2011 — 4th World Conference on Design Research. Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2011 p. 11.
Ven, F. van de: Listening better to water; water as an organising principle in spatial planning of urban areas. in: Hayashi, S.: Proceedings of the International symposium on lowland technology. Saga, IALT, 2002. p 333-338
Vroom, M.J. (red./ed.): Buitenruimten — ontwerpen van Nederlandse tuin– en landschapsarchitecten in de periode na 1945 — Outdoor space — Environments designed by Dutch Landscape Architects since 1945. Amsterdam, Thoth, 1992.
Walker, S.E. & B.S. Duffield: Urban parks and open spaces — an overview. Landscape Research 8 (1983) 2. p 2-12., Ward Thompson, C.: Urban Open Space in the 21st Century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 60 (2002) p 59-72.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Martin van den Toorn
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A folyóirat Open Access (Gold). Cikkeire a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
