Az anyatej összetétele III. – Makro- és mikroelemtartalom
Irodalmi áttekintés
Kulcsszavak:
anyatej, kolosztrum, makroelemek, mikroelemek, toxikus nyomelemek, kalcium, foszfor, nátrium, kálium, vas, cink, réz, mangán, króm, ólom, higanyAbsztrakt
A szerzők az anya kolosztrumának és tejének makro- és mikroelemtartalmát elemezték a legújabb publikációk tükrében. Az anyatej kalciumtartalma a legtöbb tanulmányban
84–462, foszfortartalma pedig 17–278 mg/l között változott. Mind a kalcium, mind a foszfor mennyisége nőtt a laktáció folyamán, de egyik elem mennyiségére sem volt hatással a szérum kalcium- és foszforszintje, valamint a vitaminkiegészítés, az életkor és a dohányzás. Az anyatej átlagos magnéziumkoncentrációja 30 mg/l, melyet nem befolyásol a kor, a D-vitamin kiegészítés, a laktáció és a diabétesz, és a magnézium kiegészítés is csak az első napon emeli meg a tej magnéziumtartalmát. A kolosztrum nátriumtartalma 300–400 mg/l-ről 120–250 mg/l-re, káliumtartalma 600–700 mg/l-ről 400–550 mg/l-re, kloridtartalma pedig 600–800 mg/l-ről 400–500 mg/l-re csökken az érett tejben. A mikroelemek egyrésze fehérjéhez kötötten fordul elő a tejben, ami a felszívódás hatékonyságát növeli. Az anyatej vastartalmát szélsőséges esetekben
0,04–1,92 mg/l közöttinek mérték, átlagosan 0,40 mg/l, melyre nincs hatással a környezet, az anya tápláléka, a vasbevitel és a fogamzásgátló készítmények. Felszívódása az anyatejből rendkívül kedvező, ezért az alacsony vastartalom is képes a csecsemő szükségleteit kielégíteni. Az anyatej réztartalma 0,03–2,19 mg/l között változik, átlagosan 0,350 mg/l. A laktáció hatásáról ellentétesek a vélemények a réztartalomra, és úgy tűnik, hogy mennyiségét sem a táplálék, sem a rézbevitel nem befolyásolja. Nagyobb része fehérjéhez kötődik, ezért felszívódása rendkívül kedvező. Az anyatej cinktartalmát 0,15–5,41 mg/l közöttinek mérték, és átlagértékről a nagyságrendi eltérések miatt nehéz beszélni. Ugyancsak szélsőséges a mangántartalomra kapott 0,8–21,5 μg/l érték is, melyet az anya eltérő mangánfogyasztásával, vagy a környezet szélsőséges mangánterhelésével lehet magyarázni. Az egyéb mikroelemek közül a szerzők elemzik az anyatej króm-, nikkel-, kobalt-, molibdén-, szelén-, jód- és szilíciumtartalmát, a mérgező nyomelemek közül pedig a kadmium-, az ólom- és a higanytartalmat. Ezen utóbbiak mennyiségét az anyatejben befolyásolja a dohányzás, a városi szennyezett levegő, a gépjárművek által kibocsájtott füst, a szennyezett környezet és az amalgámmal készült fogtömések száma. Az anyatej kadmiumtartalmát
0,07–3,8 μg/l közöttinek mérték, de szélsőségesen szennyezett városi környezetben elérte a 24,6 μg/l értéket is. Még szélsőségesebb értékeket mértek az ólom esetében, hisz koncentrációja néhány tizedtől 350 μg/l-ig változott. Az ólomtartalmat leginkább a városi szennyezett levegő növelte, az ólommentes üzemanyagok elterjedését követően viszont mennyisége jelentős mértékben csökkent. Az anyatej higanytartalmát elsősorban az amalgámmal tömött fogak száma, és a tömések felülete befolyásolta. Mennyisége 0,10 és 6,86 μg/l között változott.
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