Developing a conceptual framework for studying people-place relationship
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36249/4d.69.4399Keywords:
operationalization, conceptual framework, case study analysis, sense of place, place attachmentAbstract
The development of research on people-place relationships is a complex and multi-disciplinary field, and over time has evolved in different ways across different disciplines. Despite this development, research on the impact of geographical and cultural context on the conceptualization and management of people-place relationships is still lacking. The article seeks to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for place-based constructs of attachment by investigating the impact of geographical context on the conceptualization and operationalization of people-place relationships. The study reviews previous research on spatial studies and systematically analyses the geographical context of those studies to comprehend how it affects the conceptualization and operationalization of place-based constructs such as sense of place (SOP) and place attachment (PA). The analysis includes a critical assessment and case study analysis of previous studies, with a comparative analysis of the geographical contextof the study, the conceptualizing framework, the methods, and tools used, and the application of the results. Our findings show insignificant influences of the special characteristics of geographical context on the conceptualization and operationalization of these concepts, with only a few attempts to assess the validity and reliability of measurement models across different contexts. The study also highlights the need for more research on the cultural-geographical context of people-place relationships, as it provides a better understanding of how geographical and cultural factors can provide a more complete picture of how people form attachments to places and how these attachments influence their behaviour and well-being.
References
Akcali, Seyda, and Arzu Cahantimur. (2022): The Pentagon Model of Urban Social Sustainability: An Assessment of Socio-spatial Aspects, Comparing Two Neighbourhoods. Sustainability, 14(9), 4990 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094990
Alves, R.B. & Kuhnen, Ariane & Erat, Jacksiani. (2016): Home attachment in risk areas: Exploratory study in Itajaí Valley.
Beidler, K.J., & Morrison, J.M. (2016): Sense of place: inquiry and application. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Place making and Urban Sustainability, (9), 205 - 215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2015.1056210
Boley, B. & Strzelecka, Marianna & Yeager, Emily & Ribeiro, Manuel & Aleshinloye, Kayode & Woosnam, Kyle & Mimbs, Ben. (2021): Measuring Place Attachment with the Abbreviated Place Attachment Scale (APAS). Journal of Environmental Psychology, (74). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101577
Bousquet, F., Rocle, N., Rey-Valette, H., Meur-Férec, C., Vye, D., Lautrédou-Audouy, N .. & Becu, N. (2021): Interdisciplinary exploration of the links between sense of place and individual concern. The case of river and coastal risks in metropolitan France. Natures Sciences Sociétés, (29), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2021038
Brown, G., Raymond, C.M., & Corcoran, J. (2015): Mapping and measuring place attachment. Applied Geography, (57), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APGEOG.2014.12.011
Budruk, Megha & Wilhelm Stanis, Sonja & Schneider, Ingrid & Heisey, Jennifer. (2008): Crowding and Experience-Use History: A Study of the Moderating Effect of Place Attachment Among Water-Based Recreationists. Environmental management, (41), 528-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9059-1
Bukvic, A., Whittemore, A., Gonzales, J., & Wilhelmi, O.V. (2022): Understanding relocation in flood-prone coastal communities through the lens of place attachment. Applied Geography, (146), 102758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102758
Burholt, V. (2012): The Dimensionality of ‘Place Attachment’ for Older People in Rural Areas of South West England and Wales. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 44(12), 2901–2921. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4543
Byungsook Choi, Jung-a Park & Hyun-Jeong Lee (2016): The Development of a Measurement Method for Place Attachment and its Verification with a Housing Satisfaction Measure: A Survey of University Students About Their Homes, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15(2), 193-200, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.193
Chang, J., Lin, Z., Vojnovic, I., Qi, J., Wu, R., & Xie, D.X. (2023): Social environments still matter: The role of physical and social environments in place attachment in a transitional city, Guangzhou, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, (232)104680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104680
Cheng, Shun-Ping & Tsai, Tzu-I & Chen, I-Ju. (2020): Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Place Attachment for Community-Dwelling Older Adults Scale. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 40(6), 620-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464820907781
Christiaanse, S., & Haartsen, T. (2017): The influence of symbolic and emotional meanings of rural facilities on reactions to closure: The case of the village supermarket. Journal of Rural Studies, (54), 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2017.07.005
Counted, Victor. (2019): Sense of Place Attitudes and Quality of Life Outcomes among African Residents in a Multicultural Australian Society. Journal of Community Psychology, (47), 338-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22124
Dang, Lisa & Weiss, Jan. (2021): Evidence on the Relationship between Place Attachment and Behavioral Intentions between 2010 and 2021: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, (13), 13138 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313138
Dasgupta, Rajarshi & Basu, Mrittika & Hashimoto, Shizuka & Estoque, Ronald & Kumar, Pankaj & Johnson, Brian & Mitra, Bijon & Mitra, Priyanka. (2021): Residents’ place attachment to urban green spaces in Greater Tokyo region: An empirical assessment of dimensionality and influencing socio-demographic factors. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, (67), 127438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127438
Douglas, A., Wessels, J., Pope, J., Morrison‐Saunders, A., & Hughes, M. (2019): Measuring Kruger visitors’ place attachment to specific camps. KOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservation and Science. 61(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v61i1.1559
Eder, R., Arnberger, A. (2012): The Influence of Place Attachment and Experience Use History on Perceived Depreciative Visitor Behavior and Crowding in an Urban National Park. Environmental Management, (50), 566–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9912-8
Emily Nicolosi & Julia B. Corbett (2018): Engagement with climate change and the environment: a review of the role of relationships to place, Local Environment, 23:1, 77-99, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1385002
Erfani, G. (2022): Reconceptualising Sense of Place: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Investigating Individual-Community-Place Interrelationships. Journal of Planning Literature, (37), 452 - 466. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122221081109
Feng, X., Zhang, Z., & Chen, X. (2022): Paper Analysis of the Relevance of Place Attachment to Environment-Related Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(23):16073. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316073
Gallina, M., Williams, A. (2015): Variations in Sense of Place Across Immigrant Status and Gender in Hamilton, Ontario; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; and, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Soc Indic Res, (121), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0636-4
Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe, Robert Manning & James Bacon (2004): Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(2), 209-231, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950020
Ghasemi, M., Lamit, H.B., & Shafaghat, A. (2014): The Association between Riverscape and Place Attachment in Historical Cities in Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, (70). https://doi.org/10.11113/JT.V70.3603
Giuliani, M. (2003): Theory of Attachment and Place Attachment. In M. Bonnes, T. Lee, and M. Bonaiuto (Eds.), Psychological theories for environmental issues, chapter5, (pp.137-170)
Gokce, D., Chen, F. Multimodal and scale-sensitive assessment of sense of place in residential areas of Ankara, Turkey. J Hous and the Built Environ 36, 1077–1101 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-020-09798-6
Gottwald, S., Albert, C., & Fagerholm, N. (2021): Combining sense of place theory with the ecosystem services concept: empirical insights and reflections from a participatory mapping study. Landscape Ecology, (37), 633-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01362-z
Gusenbauer M, Haddaway NR. (2020): Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Res Synth Methods, (2):181-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378
Gür, E.A., & Heidari, N. (2019): Challenge of identity in the urban transformation process: The case of Celiktepe, Istanbul. A/Z : ITU journal of Faculty of Architecture.16(1):127-144. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2019.47123
Hausmann, A., Slotow, R., Burns, J., & Di Minin, E. (2016): The ecosystem service of sense of place: Benefits for human well-being and biodiversity conservation. Environmental Conservation, 43(2), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000314 Book chapter
Hu, Ming, and Roger Chen (2018): A Framework for Understanding Sense of Place in an Urban Design Context. Urban Science, (2) 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2020034
Jake Nelson, Jeong Joo Ahn & Elizabeth A. Corley (2020): Sense of place: trends from the literature, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Place making and Urban Sustainability, 13:2, 236-261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2020.1726799
Joe Duggan, Christopher Cvitanovic & Ingrid van Putten (2023): Measuring sense of place in social-ecological systems: a review of literature and future research needs. Ecosystems and People, 19:1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2022.2162968
Jorgensen, Bradley & Stedman, Richard. (2001): Sense of Place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, (21), 233-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0226
Jorgensen, Bradley & Stedman, Richard. (2011): Measuring the Spatial Component of Sense of Place: A Methodology for Research on the Spatial Dynamics of Psychological Experiences of Place. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, (38). https://doi.org/10.1068/b37054
Kaba, Bahar. (2018): Measuring neighborhood attachment and urban-related identity among residents of gated communities: A case study in Mavişehir. European Journal of Geography, (9), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80078-7
Kamalipour, H., Yeganeh, A., & Alalhesabi, M. (2012): Predictors of Place Attachment in Urban Residential Environments: A Residential Complex Case Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, (35), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2012.02.111
Karsono, B., Deni, D., & Azmah Fithri, C. (2016): Assessment of functional and emotional attachment in malacca riverfront promenade. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(5). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8271
Karsono, Bambang & Goh, Nurakmal & Koesmeri, Dona & Gregory, Zayn Al-Abideen & Samat, Yon. (2018): Functional Attachment in Kuching Riverfront Promenade, Sarawak - Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 401. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X%2F401%2F1%2F012013
Kienast, F., Buchecker, M., & Hunziker, M. (2018): Generating meaningful landscapes for globalized mobile societies: pushing an international research agenda. Landscape Ecology, (33), 1669-1677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0696-y
Kim, J., & Son, Y. (2021): Assessing and mapping cultural ecosystem services of an urban forest based on narratives from blog posts. Ecological Indicators, (129), 107983. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2021.107983
Knaps, F., Gottwald, S., Albert, C., & Herrmann, S. (2022): Using meaningful places as an indicator for sense of place in the management of social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-13340-270409
Lalli, M. (1992): Urban-related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, (12), 285-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944%2805%2980078-7
Lee, J.(., Kyle, G.T., & Scott, D.S. (2012): The Mediating Effect of Place Attachment on the Relationship between Festival Satisfaction and Loyalty to the Festival Hosting Destination. Journal of Travel Research, (51), 754-767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512437859
Lee, Y., & Lin, S. (2021): Effects of Perceptions of Climate Change and Flood Risk on Coping Behavior: A Case Study of Taipei, Taiwan. Sustainability, 14(1), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010289
Lena Greinke & Linda Lange (2022): Multi-locality in rural areas – an underestimated phenomenon. Regional Studies, 9(1), 67-81, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2021.2025417
Lewicka, M. (2011): Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?. Journal of Environmental Psychology, (31), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2010.10.001
Li, Jing & Dai, Guangquan & Tang, Jinwen & Chen, Ying. (2020): Conceptualizing Festival Attractiveness and Its Impact on Festival Hosting Destination Loyalty: A Mixed Method Approach. Sustainability, (12), 3082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083082
Lin, Chia-Chin & Lockwood, Michael. (2014): Assessing sense of place in natural settings: A mixed-method approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, (57). https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.811401
Low, S. M., & Altman, I. (1992): Place attachment: A conceptual inquiry. Human Behaviour & Environment: Advances in Theory & Research, (12), 1–12.
Lu, C., Lin, L., & Yeh, H. (2018): Exploring the linkage effects of place attachment in rural areas using the fuzzy analytic network process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, (35), 461 - 478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1363682
Magee, Liam & Handmer, John & Neale, Timothy & Ladds, Monique. (2016): Locating the intangible: Integrating a sense of place into cost estimations of natural disasters. Geoforum, (77), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.018
Masso, Andrés & Williams, Daniel & Raymond, Christopher & Buchecker, Matthias & Degenhardt, Barbara & Devine-Wright, Patrick & Hertzog, Alice & Lewicka, Maria & Manzo, Lynne & Shahrad, Azadeh & Stedman, Richard & Verbrugge, Laura & von Wirth, Timo & Masso, Di & Williams, A & Raymond, D & Hertzog, P & Lewicka, A & Manzo, M & Stedman, A. (2019): Between fixities and flows: Navigating place attachments in an increasingly mobile world. Journal of environmental psychology, (61), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.01.006
Morgan, Paul. (2010): Towards a Developmental Theory of Place Attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, (30), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.07.001
Nicole M. Ardoin, Janel S. Schuh & Rachelle K. Gould (2012): Exploring the dimensions of place: a confirmatory factor analysis of data from three Eco regional sites, Environmental Education Research, 18:5, 583-607, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2011.640930
Nugroho, Setyo, and Junyi Zhang. (2022): Explorations of Young People’s Sense of Place Using Urban Design Qualities in Surabaya, Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(1), 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010472
Oliveira, José & Roca, Zoran & Leitão, Nuno. (2010): Territorial identity and development: From topophilia to terraphilia. Land Use Policy, (27), 801-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.10.014
O'Neill, S.J., & Graham, S. (2016): (En)visioning place‐based adaptation to sea‐level rise. Geo: Geography and Environment, 3 (2), e00028. https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.28
Özkan, D.G., & Yılmaz, S. (2019): The effects of physical and social attributes of place on place attachment. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 13(1):133-150. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-11-2018-0010
Polat, Sibel & Dostoglu, Neslihan. (2016): Measuring place identity in public open spaces. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Urban Design and Planning, 170. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1680/JURDP.15.00031
Price, S., Blacketer, M.P., & Brownlee, M.T. (2018): The influence of place attachment on campers’ evaluations of ecological impacts due to recreation use. Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism, (21), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JORT.2017.11.001
Ramkissoon, H., & Mavondo, F.T. (2015): The satisfaction–place attachment relationship: Potential mediators and moderators. Journal of Business Research, (68), 2593-2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2015.05.002
Sawada, S., & Toyosato, T. (2021): The moderating effect of place attachment on the relationship between economic status and well-being among the older adults in Japan. Geriatric nursing, 42 (3), 721-726 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.03.003
Scannell, Leila & Gifford, Robert. (2010): Defining Place Attachment: A Tripartite Organizing Framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, (30), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006
Shamai, Shmuel & Ilatov, Zinaida. (2005): Measuring Sense of Place: Methodological Aspects. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 96(5), 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2005.00479.x
Shao, Yuhan & Liu, Binyi. (2017): Place Attachment Assessment System in Contemporary Urbanism. Procedia Engineering, (198), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.079
Shrestha, Sushma & Medley, Kimberly. (2016): Landscape Mapping: Gaining “Sense of Place” for Conservation in the Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology, (36), 326-347. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-36.2.326
Shummadtayar, Umpiga & Hokao, Kazunori & Iamtrakul, Pawinee. (2012): Applying the images city value to improve the identity of Wualai's lowland community in Thailand. Lowland Technology International, (14), 1-11.
Smith, R. (1985): Activism and social status as determinants of neighborhood identity. The Professional Geographer, (37), 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.0033-0124.1985.00421.X
Stephen Smith (2015): A sense of place: place, culture and tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 220233. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1049814
Sthapit, E., Björk, P., & Coudounaris, D.N. (2017) : Emotions elicited by local food consumption, memories, place attachment and behavioural intentions. Anatolia, (28), 363 - 380. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1322111
Swapan, M.S., & Sadeque, S. (2020): Place attachment in natural hazard-prone areas and decision to relocate: Research review and agenda for developing countries. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 101937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101937
Tang, W. & Zhang, J. & Luo, H. & Yang, X. & Li, D. (2007): The characteristics of natural scenery sightseers' sense of place: A case study of Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan. Acta Geographica Sinica, (62), 599-608. https://doi.org/10.11821/xb200706005
Tobiasz-Lis, P., & Wójcik, M. (2013): Evaluating and interpreting the city using a photo projective method. The example of Łódź. Geographia Polonica, 86 (2), pp.137-152. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPOL.2013.14
Verbrugge, L., & van den Born, R.J. (2018): The role of place attachment in public perceptions of a re-landscaping intervention in the river Waal (The Netherlands). Landscape and Urban Planning, (117), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2018.05.011
Verbrugge, L., Buchecker, M., Garcia, X. et al. (2019): Integrating sense of place in planning and management of multifunctional river landscapes: experiences from five European case studies. Sustain Sci, (14), 669–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00686-9
Wang, F. & Huang, X. & Yu, X.. (2009): Tourist cognition of sense of place in tourism attractions. Acta Geographica Sinica, (64), 1267-1277.
Wartmann, Flurina & Purves, Ross. (2018): Investigating sense of place as a cultural ecosystem service in different landscapes through the lens of language. Landscape and Urban Planning, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.021
Westerholt, R., Acedo, A., & Naranjo-Zolotov, M. (2022): Exploring sense of place in relation to urban facilities – evidence from Lisbon. Cities, (127), 103750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103750
White, D.D., Virden, R.J., & Riper, C.J. (2008): Effects of Place Identity, Place Dependence, and Experience-Use History on Perceptions of Recreation Impacts in a Natural Setting. Environnemental Management, (42), 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9143-1
Widya, Amelia & E. Kusuma, Hanson & Lubis, Rizal. (2019): The Correlational Relationship between Residential Satisfaction, Place Attachment, and Intention to Move: A Preliminary Study in Belawan, Medan. Journal of Regional and City Planning, (30), 191. https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2019.30.3.2
Williams, Daniel R. and Jerry J. Vaske. (2003): The Measurement of Place Attachment: Validity and Generalizability of a Psychometric Approach.. Forest Science, (49), 830-840. https://doi.org/10.1093/FORESTSCIENCE%2F49.6.830
Wynveen, C. Schneider, I. Arnberger, A. (2018): The Context of Place: Issues Measuring Place Attachment across Urban Forest Contexts, Journal of Forestry, 116(4), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvy001
Wynveen, C.J., Schneider, I.E., Cottrell, S., Arnberger, A., Schlueter, A.C., & von Ruschkowski, E. (2017): Comparing the Validity and Reliability of Place Attachment Across Cultures. Society & Natural Resources, (30), 1389 - 1403. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2017.1295499
Xu, Dingde, Chen Qing, Xin Deng, Zhuolin Yong, Wenfeng Zhou, and Zhixing Ma. (2020): Disaster Risk Perception, Sense of Pace, Evacuation Willingness, and Relocation Willingness of Rural Households in Earthquake-Stricken Areas: Evidence from Sichuan Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020602
Xu, Guoliang & Liu, Yu & Huang, Xianjin & Xu, Yuting & Wan, Chunyan & Zhou, Yan. (2021): How does resettlement policy affect the place attachment of resettled farmers?. Land Use Policy, (107), 105476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105476
Yüksel, A., Yüksel, F., & Bilim, Y. (2010): Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tourism Management, (31), 274-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2009.03.007
Zabetian Targhi, Elham. (2019): Comparative evaluation of relationship between psychological adaptations in order to reach thermal comfort and sense of place in urban spaces. Urban Climate, (29). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100483
Zahid, A., & Mısırlısoy, D. (2021): measuring place attachment, identity, and memory in urban spaces: case of the walled city of lahore, pakistan. Journal of architecture and urbanism, 45(2),171-182. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.15183
Zhang, C.X., Fong, L.H., & Li, S. (2019): Co-creation experience and place attachment: Festival evaluation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, (81), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHM.2019.04.013
Zhu, Xiaoyang & Chiou, Shang-Chia. (2022): A Study on the Sustainable Development of Historic District Landscapes Based on Place Attachment among Tourists: A Case Study of Taiping Old Street, Taiwan. Sustainability, (14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811755
Zlender, Vita & Gemin, Stefano. (2020): Testing urban dwellers' sense of place towards leisure and recreational peri- urban green open spaces in two European cities. Cities, (98). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102579
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Rahaf Yousef, Valánszki István
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A folyóirat Open Access (Gold). Cikkeire a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
