Analysis of fire-risk conditions in Pinus nigra stands by using McArthur’s model

Authors

  • Imre Cseresnyés Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Loránd Eötvös University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
  • Péter Csontos MTA-ELTE Research Group for Theoretical Biology and Ecology, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56617/tl.4597

Keywords:

forest fire, Austrian pine, flame height, drought factor, rate of spread, fire danger index, spotting distance

Abstract

Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.), an alien conifer in Hungary, forms highly flammable vegetation type due to the accumulation of needle litter. The flammability of these forests was indicated by the frequent fire events in Dunazug Mountains during the latest decades.
The fire-risk relations in Dunazug Mountains were examined by using of McArthur’s empirical model. If the amount of fuel, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, degree of slope and drought factor are known, the fire danger index (FDI; which is the probability of combustion), flame height, rate of spread and spotting distance can be calculated. The actual value of drought factor was determined from the amount of last precipitation, the days since last rain and the Byram-Keetch Drought Index (BKDI).
It is known from our previous studies that the fuel reaches a maximum mass in the stand age class 60–80 years, therefore forest fires are expected mainly in this age class. BKDI values were already known from our previous studies for years between 1993 and 2002.
To analyse the daily maximum and the annual trend of drought factor we used the daily BKDI values and daily rainfall had fixed at Budapest-Lőrinc meteorological station from 1993 to 2002. The mean value of drought factor was five from January to May then began to increase in early June, showing its maximum (value 8) in August and September. Later the drought factor decreased continuously till the end of November, when it stabilized at value five. During the most droughty year (2000) the drought factor reached the highest possible value (10) in six decades.
It was also examined how the changing meteorological factors affect the fire-risk relations. One factor among six (amount of fuel, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, degree of slope and drought factor) was changed within an appointed interval (while the other five parameters were kept constant) and its result on the four outgrowths of the model (FDI, flame height, rate of spread, spotting distance) was examined. We used the following fixed parameters: 30 °C temperature, 30% relative humidity, 30 km/h wind speed, 30 degree of slope and Drought Factor value 10. The fuel load (diameter less than 6 mm) has already known from our former research.
Our results show that the increase of temperature, wind speed and drought factor rise the FDI, flame height, rate of spread and spotting distance, while the increase of relative humidity has the opposite effect. The amount of fuel doesn’t influence the FDI, but its increase promotes the spread of fire and rises the flame height. The rate of spread is always much higher uphill than on flat ground or downhill. On an average summer day (when the mentioned fixed parameters prevail) the fire-risk is very high (FDI=24), the flame height is 9.19 m in the stand age class 60–80 years, the rate of spread is 4.19 km/h uphill and the spotting distance is 1.53 km. If the weather conditions become extreme (37 °C, 16% relative humidity, 55 km/h wind speed), the fire-risk rises also to extreme (FDI=90) similar to the Mediterranean regions.
The reliability of McArthur’s model was tested by analysing of experimental laboratory results originating from scientific literature. Our own results proved to be compatible with these data.

Author Biographies

  • Imre Cseresnyés, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Loránd Eötvös University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary

    cseresnyes.imre@freemail.hu

  • Péter Csontos, MTA-ELTE Research Group for Theoretical Biology and Ecology, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary

    cspeter@ludens.elte.hu

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Published

2004-12-27

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How to Cite

Analysis of fire-risk conditions in Pinus nigra stands by using McArthur’s model. (2004). JOURNAL OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY | TÁJÖKÖLÓGIAI LAPOK , 2(2), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.56617/tl.4597

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