A short historical overview of plant opal studies: from discovery to modern applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56617/tl.4086Keywords:
phytolith, paleo- and archaeobotany, palaeopedology, palaeoecology, environmental archaeology, science historyAbstract
At the beginning of the 19th century, when pioneers of the microscopic world were delving deeper and deeper in the fascinating forms and phenomena of microscopic creatures, a German scholar, STRUVE was the first expert to report (1835) on phytoliths observed on slides prepared of living plant tissue. Paradoxically it happened a year earlier than the extraction of pollen grains from Quarternary sediments. Hundred and fifty years had to pass by – sixty-five years more as in the case of palinology – till phytolith research became an own discipline serving the goals of botany, paleoecology and environmental archaeology.
References
Albert R. M., Bamford M. K., Cabanes D. 2009: Palaeoecological significance of palms at olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, based on phytolith remains. (Perspectives on Phytolith Research: 6th International Meeting on Phytolith Research) Quaternary International 193: 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.008
Albert R. M., Lavi O., Estroff L., Weiner S., Tsatskin A., Ronen A., Lev-Yadun S. 1999: Mode of occupation of Tabun Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel During the Mousterian Period: A study of sediments and Phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1249-1260 https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0355
Albert R. M., Shahack-Gross R., Cabanes D., Gilboa A., Lev-Yadun S., Portillo M., Sharon I., Boaretto E., Weiner S. 2008: Phytolith-rich layers from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages at Tel Dor (Israel): mode of formation and archaeological significance. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 57-75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.015
Albert R.M., Weiner S., Bar-Yosef O., Meignen L. 2000: Phytoliths in the Middle Palaeolithic Deposits of Kebara Cave,Mt Carmel, Israel: Study of the Plant Materials used for Fueland Other Purposes. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 931-947. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0507
Ball T. B., Brotherson J. D., Gardner J.S. 1993: A typological and morphometric study of variation in phytoliths from einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). Canadian Journal of Botany 71: 1182-1192. https://doi.org/10.1139/b93-139
Baker G. 1959: Opal phytoliths in some Victorian soils and red rain residues. Australian Journal of Botany 7: 64-87. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9590064
Barboni D., Bonnefille R., Alexandre A., Meunier J-D. 1999. Phytoliths as palaeoenvironmental indicators, West Side, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 152: 87-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00045-0
Barczi A., Golyeva A. A., Pető. Á. 2009: Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Hungarian kurgans on the basis of the examination of paleosoils and phytolith analysis. Quaternary International 193: 49-60. Perspectives on Phytolith Research: 6th International Meeting on Phytolith Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.025
Beavers A. H., Stephen, I. 1958: Some features of the distribution of plant-opal in Illinois soil. Soil Science 86: 1-5 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195807000-00001
Bertoldi De Pomar H. 1971: Ensayo de clasificación morfológica de los silicofitolitos. Ameghiniana 8: 317-328.
Bertoldi De Pomar H. 1975: Los silicofitolitos. Sinopsis de su conocimiento. Darwiniana 19: 173-206.
Blinnikov M. 2008: Phytolith analysis in limited paleoenvironmental contexts: AAA (Artic, alpine or aquatic). 7th International Meeting on Phytolith Research - 4th Soutamerican Meeting on Phytolith Research. Book of Abstracts, p. 4.
Bobrova E., Bobrov A. 1997: Phytoliths in soils: Species composition, distribution along a soil profile, and value as environmental indicators. In: Pinilla A., Juan-Tresseras J., Machado M. J. (eds.): Monografías del centro de ciencias medioambientales, CSCI (4), The state of-the-art of phytholits in soils and plants, Madrid, p. 5-13.
Bobrov A. 2007: Phytoliths and micropalaeontological data in a boggy soil. In: Madella M., Zurro D. (eds.): Plants, People and Places, Recent Studies in Phytolith Analysis. Oxbow Books, Oakville, p. 155-164. Bonnefille R. 1984: Palynological Research at Olduvai Gorge. National Geographic Society Research Reports 17: 227-243. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dtr4.17
Bremond L., Alexandre A., Hély, C., Guiot, J. 2005: A phytolith index as a proxy of tree cover density in tropical areas: Calibration with LeafArea Index along a forest-savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon. Global and Planetary Change 45: 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.09.002
Bremond L., Alexandre A.,Wooller M. J., Hély, C., Williamson D., Schäfer P. A., Majule A., Guiot, J. 2008: Phytolith indices as proxies of grass subfamilies on East African tropical mountains. Global and Planetary Change 61: 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.08.016
Carbone V. A. 1977: Phytoliths as paleoecological indicators. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 288: 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb33615.x
Carter J. A. 1999: Late Devonian, Permian and Triassic Phytoliths from Antarctica. Micropaleontology 45: 56-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/1486202
Chevalier A. 2008: Early Holocene Human Adaptation in th Central Andes: What the Phytoliths Can Tell Us? In: Korstanje M.A., Babot M. Del P. (eds.): Matices Interdisciplinarios en Estudios Fitolíticos y de Otros Microfósiles. BAR International Series 1870. p. 134-148.
Darwin C. R. 1845a: An account on the fine dust which often falls on vessels in the Atlantic Ocean. Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 2: 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.09
Darwin C. R . 1845b: Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World, under the Command of Captain Fitz Roy, R.A., Second edition, corrected, with Additions. London, John Murray, Albemarle Street. https://doi.org/10.5962/t.175052
da Silva S. T., Labouriau L. G. 1970: Corpos silicosos do gramineas dos Cerrados. III. Pesquisas Agropecuarias Brasileiras 5: 167-182.
del Puerto L., García-Rodríguez F., Inda H., Bracco R., Castineira C., Adams J. B. 2006: Paleolimnological evidence of Holocene climatic changes in Lake Blanca, souther Uruguay. Journal of Paleolimnology 36: 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-006-0012-8
del Puerto L., Inda H., García-Rodríguez F. 2008: Recosnstruccíon Paleoambiental para el Holoceno Medio y Tardío en la Cuenca de la Laguna Negra: el Aporte de los Indicadores Biosilíceos. In: Korstanje M.A., Babot M. del P. (eds.): Matices Interdisciplinarios en Estudios Fitolíticos y de Otros Microfósiles. BAR International Series 1870. p. 119-131.
Duncan P.M. 1877: Anniversary address of the president. Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 13: 56-60.
Edman G., Söderberg E. 1929: Auffindung von Reis in einer Tonscherbe aus einer etwas fünftausendjährigen Chinesischen Siedlung. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 8: 363-365 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1929.mp8004004.x
Ehrenberg C. G. 1841: Über Verbreitung und Einflufs des mikroskopischen Lebens in Sud- und Nordamerika. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 139-141.
Ehrenberg C. G. 1845: On the muddy deposits at the mouths and deltas of various rivers in Northern Europe, and infusorial animalcules found in those deposits. Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1: 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.65
Ehrenberg C. G. 1849: Passatstaub un Blutregen: ein grosses organisches unsichtbares Wirken und Leben in der Atmosphare/von Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg; vorgetragen in der Konigl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin vom 23 Mai 1844 bis 1849. Königlichen Academie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Abhandlung der Akademie (1849). p: 269-460.
Ehrenberg C. G. 1851: On the tchornoi zem of Russia. Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 7: 112-113.
Ehrenberg C. G. 1854: Mikrogeologie: das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbständigen Lebens auf der Erde. Leipzig, Leopold Voss. p. 374 https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.118752
Eksambakar S. P., Kajale M. D. 2007: Microstratigraphy of an early Historic refuse pit: a phytological approach. In: Madella M., Zurro D. (eds.): Plants, People and Places, Recent Studies in Phytolith Analysis. Oxbow Books, Oakville, p. 110-117. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dtr4.13
Fullagar R., Field J., Denham T., Lentfer C. 2006: Early and mid Holocene tool-use and processing of taro (Colocasia esculenta), yam (Dioscorea sp.) and other plants at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 595-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.07.020
Golyeva A. A., Alexandrovskiy A. L., Tselishcheva, L. K. 1995: Phytolithic analysis of Holocene Paleosoils. Eurasian Soil Science, 27(2): 46-56.
Golyeva A.A. 1997: Content and distrubution of phytoliths in the main types of soils in Eastern Europe. In: Pinilla A., Juan-Tresseras J., Machado M. J. (eds.): Monografías del centro de ciencias medioambientales, CSCI (4), The state of-the-art of phytholits in soils and plants, Madrid, p. 15-22.
Golyeva A. A. 2001a: Biomorphic analysis as a part of soil morphological investigations. Catena 43: 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00165-X
Golyeva A. A. 2001b: Phytoliths and their information role in natural and archeological objects (in Russian and partly in English). Moscow, Syktyvar Elista, p. 200
Golyeva A.A., Alekszandrovskiy A. L. 1997: Studies of phytoliths in Moscow cultural layers. In: Pinilla A., Juan-Tresseras J., Machado M. J. (eds.): Monografías del centro de ciencias medioambientales, CSCI (4), The state of-the-art of phytholits in soils and plants, Madrid, p.205-209.
Golyeva A. A., Khokhlova O. S. (2003): Biomorphic indicators of human-induced transformation of soils under early nomad burial mounds in southern Russia. Revistas Mexicana de Ciencias Geológics, v. 20, núm. 3: p.283-288.
Gorbushina A. A., Kort R., Schulte A., Lazarus D., Schnetger B., Brumsack H.-J., J. Broughton W. J., Favet J. 2007: Life in Darwin's dust: intercontinental transport and survival of microbes in the nineteenth century. Environmental Microbiology 9: 2911-2922. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01461.x
Grob A. 1896: Beitrage zur Anatomie der Epidermis der Gramineenblätter. Bibliotheca Botanica 36: 1-63.
Gyulai F. 1993: Environment and Agriculture in Bronze Age Hungary. Archaeolingua, Budapest, 59 p.
Gyulai F. 1996: Balatonmagyaród-Hídvégpusztakésőbronzkoritelepülésnövényleleteiésélelmiszermaradványai (Die Planzenfunde und Lebensmittelreste aus der spätbronzezeitlichen Siedlung von Balatonmagyaród- Hídvégpuszta). Zalai Múzeumok 6, 169-195.
Haraszty Á. (szerk.) 1979: Növényszervezettan és növénnyélettan. Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, p. 798
Hart D. M., Humphreys G.S. 1997: The mobility of phytoliths in soils; pedological considerations. In: Pinilla A., Juan-Tresseras J., Machado M. J. (eds.): Monografías del centro de ciencias medioambientales, CSCI (4), The state of-the-art of phytholits in soils and plants, Madrid, p.93-100.
Honaine M. F., Zucol A. F., Osterrieth M. L. 2006: Phytolith Assemblages and Systematic Associations in Grassland Species of the South-Eastern Pampean Plains, Argentina. Annals of Botany 98: 1155-1165.Horrocks M., Irwin G. J., Mcglone M. S., Nichol S. L., Williams L. J. 2003: Pollen, Phytoliths and Diatoms in Prehistoric Coprolites from Kohika, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 13-20 https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0714
Horrocks M., Lawlor I. 2006: Plant microfossil analysis of soils from Polynesian stonefieldsin South Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.07.014
http1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg
http2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt
Hubbard C. E. 1968: Grasses. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, pp. 463
Iriarte J. 2003: Assessing the feasibility of identifying maize through the analysis of cross-shape size and tridimensional morphology of phytoliths in the grasslands of Souteastern South America. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 1085-1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00164-4
Iriarte J., Paz E. A. 2009: Phytolith analysis of selected native plants and modern soils from southeastern Uruguay and its implications for paleoenvironmental and archaeological reconstruction. (Perspectives on Phytolith Research: 6th International Meeting on Phytolith Research) Quaternary International 193: 99-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.008
Itzstein-Davey F., Taylor D., Dodson J., Atahan P., Zheng H. 2007: Wild and domesticated forms of rice (Oryza sp.) in early agriculture at Qingpu, lower Yangtze, China: evidence from phytoliths. Journal of archaeological Science (in press https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.018)
Krumbein W. E. 1995: Gone with the wind - a second blow against spontaneous generation. In memoriam, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795-1876). Aerobioiogia 11: 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02450041
Labouriau L. G. 1983: Phytolith work in Brazil: a minireview. The Phytolitharien Newsletter 2: 6-10.
Lanning F. C. 1966: Silica and calcium deposition in the tissues of certain plants. Advancing Frontiers of Plant Science 13: 55-66.
Lazarus D. B. 1998: The Ehrenberg Collection and its curation. In Christian Gottried Ehrenberg (1795-1876): The Man and His Legacy. Williams D.M., and Huxley R. (eds). New York, USA: Special Publication of the Linnean Society, Academic Press, pp. 31-48.
Lewis R. O. 1978: Use of opal phytoliths in paleo-environmental reconstruction. Wyoming Contributions to Anthropology 1: 127-132.
Lewis R. O. 1981: Use of opal phytoliths in paleo-environmental reconstruction. Journal of Ethnobiology 1: 175-181
Linsbauer K. (ed.) 1929: Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie. Berlin, Gebruder Bonträger.
Lu H., Liu K. B. 2003: Morphological variations of lobate phytoliths from grasses in China and the south-eastern United States. Diversity and Distributions 9: 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00166.x
Lü H., Wang Y., Wang G., Yang H., Zhen L. 2000: Analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from C3 and C4 plants and modern soils. Chinese Science Bulletin 45: 1804-1807. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02886272
Kajale M. D., Eksambakar S. P. 2007: Phytolith analytical study on a Late Chalcolithic - Early Historical archaeo-stratigraphical sequence from Balathal, Soouth Rajastan, India. In: Madella M., Zurro D. (eds.): Plants, People and Places, Recent Studies in Phytolith Analysis. Oxbow Books, Oakville, p. 118-134. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dtr4.14
Kamanina I. Z., Shoba A. 1997: The phytoliths analysis applied to soils of complex formation and paleosoils. In: Pinilla A., Juan-Tresseras J., Machado M. J. (eds.): Monografías del centro de ciencias medioambientales, CSCI (4), The state of-the-art of phytholits in soils and plants, Madrid, p. 33-43.
Kanno I., Arimura S. 1958: Plant opal in Japanese Soils. Soil and Plant Food 4: 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1958.10430866
Kealhofer L., Piperno D. R. 1994: Early agriculture in Southeast Asia: Phytolith analysis evidence from the Bang Pakong Valley, Thailand. Antiquity 68: 564-572. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00047050
Kealhofer L., Piperno D.R. 1998: Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, No. 88. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.103698
Korstanje M. A., Babot M. del P. (eds.) 2008: Matices Interdisciplinarios en Estudios Fitolíticos y de Otros Microfósiles. BAR International Series 1870.
Korstanje M. A., Babot M. del P. 2007: Microfossils characterization from south Andean economic plants. In: Madella M., Zurro D. (eds.): Plants, People and Places, Recent Studies in Phytolith Analysis. Oxbow Books, Oakville, p. 41-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dtr4.8
Kurmann M. H. 1985: An opal phytolith and palynomorph study of extant and fossil soils n Kansas (U.S.A.). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 49: 217-235 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(85)90055-0
Madella M. 2008: The "stones from plants": A review of phytolith studies and classification in Europe, Asia and North America. In: Zucol A.F., Osterrieth M.L. és Brea M. (eds.): Fitolitos estados actual de su conocimiento en America del Sur. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, p. 23-39
Madella M., Jones M. K, Goldberg, P., Goren Y., Hovers E. 2002: The Exploitation of Plant Resources by Neanderthals in Amud Cave (Israel): The Evidence from Phytolith Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 703-719. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0743
Matsutani A. 1972: Spodogrphic analysis of ash from the Kotosh site. In: Izumi S., Terada K. (eds.): Andes 4: Excavations at Kotosh, Peru, 1963 and 1966. pp. 319-326. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo
Mclung de Tapia E., Cabadas-Báez H., Vallejo-Gómez E., Gama-Castro J., Solleiro-Rebolledo E., Sedov S. 2008: Phytoliths as indicators of Paleosols and Grassland Vegetation in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. In: Korstanje M.A., Babot M. del P. (eds.): Matices Interdisciplinarios en Estudios Fitolíticos y de Otros Microfósiles. BAR International Series 1870. p. 67-74.
Metcalfe C. R. 1960: Anatomy of the monocotyledons. Vol. I. Gramineae. Oxford University Press, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, pp. 731
Miller, A. 1980: Phytoliths as indicatrs of farming techniques. paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia
Miller-Rosen, A. 1992: Preliminary identification of silica skeletons from Near Eastern archaeological sites: an anatomical approach. In: RAPP. Jr.G., Mulholland S. C. (eds.): Phytolith Systematics: Emerging issues. Advances in archaeological and museum sciences, Vol. 1., Plenum Press, New York. p. 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_7
Miller-Rosen, A. 1986: Cities of clay: the Geoarchaeology of Tells. Univ of Chicago Press, pp. 280
Miller-Rosen, A. 1994: Identifying ancient irrigation: a new method using opaline phytoliths from Emmer wheat. Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1013
Misra V. N., Kajale M. D. (eds.) 2003: Introduction of African Crops into South Asia. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies - ISPQS Monography Series No. 3., pp.143
Montti L., Honaine M. F., Osterrieth M. L., Ribiero D. G. 2009: Phytolith analysis of Chusque ramosissima Lindm. (Poaceae: bambusoideae) and associated soils. (Perspectives on Phytolith Research: 6th International Meeting on Phytolith Research) Quaternary International 193: 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.11.024
Mulholland S. C., Rapp Jr. G. 1992: Phytolith systematics: An introduction. In: Rapp. Jr.G., Mulholland S.C. (eds.): Phytolith Systematics: Emerging issues. Advances in archaeological and museum sciences, Vol. 1., Plenum Press, New York. p. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_1
Netolitzky F. 1914: Anatomische Beobachtung an Zerealienfrüchten. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift. LXIV Nr. 7. p 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01631282
Netolitzky F. 1929: Die Kieselkörper. In: LINSBAUER K. (ed.) 1929: Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie 3/1a: p. 1-19Berlin, Gebruder Bonträger.
Okuda A., Takahashi E. 1964: The role of silicon. The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant. Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Rice Research Institute. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, p. 123-146. Osterrieth M. L. 2001a: Silicofitolitos en sedimentos loéssicosde la űllanura inter. Y periserrana de Tandilla, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ameghiniana 38: Suplemento, resúmenes: 47R-48R.
Osterrieth M. L. 2001b: Silicobiolitos/Silicofitolitos:su rol en la matriz de suelos y paleosuelos de ambientes costeros de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ameghiniana 38: Suplemento, resúmenes: 47R.
Osterrieth M. L. 2007: Micromorphology and phytoliths study in coastal dunes of the Southeastern Pampean Plains, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In: Madella M., Zurro D. (eds.): Plants, People and Places, Recent Studies in Phytolith Analysis. Oxbow Books, Oakville, p.201-208. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dtr4.22
Osterrieth M. L., Madella M., Zurro D., Fernanda Alvarez M. 2009: Taphonomical aspects of silica phytoliths in the loess sediments of the Argentinean Pampas. (Perspectives on Phytolith Research: 6th International Meeting on Phytolith Research) Quaternary International 193: 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.002
Parfenova E. I., Yarilova E. A. 1956: The formation of secondary minerals in conexion with the migration of elements. Pochvovedenie 4: 38-42
Parry, D.W., Smithson F. 1966: Opaline silica in the inflorescens of some British grasses and cereals. Annals of Botany 30: 525-538 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084094
Parry, D. W., Hodson M. J. 1982: Silica distribution in the caryopsis and inflorescence bracts of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] and its possible significance in carcinogenesis. Annals of Botany 49: 531-540 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086278
Pearsall D. M. 1978: Phytolith analysis of archaeological soils: Evidence for maize cultivation in Formative Ecuador. Science 199: 177-178. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4325.177
Pearsall D. M. 1982: Maize Phytoliths: A clarification, Phytolitharien Newsletter 1: 3-4.
Pearsall D. M. 2000: Paleoethnobotany. A handbook of procedures. Academic Press, London
Pearsall D. M. 2002: Maize is Still Ancient in Prehistoric Ecuador: Th Vie from Real Alto, with Comments on Staller and Thompson. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0736
Pető Á. 2007: Introducing the phytolith analysis: A suitable method in palaeoecology and landscape ecology. Tájökológiai Lapok 5: 91-102.
Pető Á, Bucsi T. 2008: Kiegészítő adatok a Csípő-halom paleoökológiai elemzéséhez. Tájökológiai Lapok 6: 197-208
Piperno D. R. 1984: A comparison and differentiation of phytoliths from maize and wild grasses: Use of morphological criteria. American Antiquity 49: 361-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/280024
Piperno D. R. 1988: Phytolith analysis: An Archaeological and Geological Perspective. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, San Diego, p.268
Piperno D. R. 1997: Phytoliths and microscopic charcoal from LEG 155: A vegetational and fire history of the amazon basin during the last 75 K. Y. In: Flood R. D., Piper D. J. W., Klaus A., Peterson L.C. (eds.): Proceedings of the Ocean Dreilling Program, Scientific Results 155: 411-418. https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.155.250.1997
Piperno D. R. 2006: Phytoliths. A comprehensive guide for archaeologists and palaeoecologists. Altamira Press
Piperno D. R., Becker P. 1996: Vegetational history of a site in the central Amazon Basin derived from phytolith and charcoal records from natural soils. Quaternary Research Orlando 45: 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0020
Piperno D. R., Pearsall D. M. 1993: Phytoliths in the reproductive structures of maize and teosinte: implications for the study of maize evolution, Journal of Archaeological Science 20 337-362. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1993.1021
Piperno D. R., Pearsall D. M. 1998: The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics, Academic Press, San Diego.
Piperno D. R., Stothert K. E. 2003: Phytolih Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299: 1054-1057. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080365
Planella M. T., Mcrostie V. 2005: Análisis de restos botánicos del itio El Mercurio. Tierras contenidas en ceramicos y urnas del contexto funerario. Proyecto Fondecyt.
Planella M. T., Mcrostie V. 2006: Revisión crítica de los análisis efectuados en los contenidos de vasijas del contexto funerario del sitio El Mercurio. XVII. Congresso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena, Libro de resúmenes: 155-156.
Portillo M., Albert R. M., Henry D. O. 2009: Domestic activities and spatial distribution in Ain Abu Nukhayla (Wadi Rum, Soutern Jordan): The use of phytoliths and spherulites studies. (Perspectives on Phytolith Research: 6th International Meeting on Phytolith Research) Quaternary International 193: 174-183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.002
Powers A.H. 1992: Great Expectations: A short historical review of European phytolith systematics. In: Rapp Jr. G., Mulholland S. C. (eds.): Phytolith Systematics: Emerging issues. Advances in archaeological and museum sciences, Vol. 1., Plenum Press, New York. p. 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_2
Prasad V., Strömberg C. A. E., Alimohammadian H., Sahni A. (2005): Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers. Science 310: 1177-1180. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118806
Prychid C.J., Rudall P.J., Gregory M. 2003: Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons. The Botanical Review 69: 377-440. https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:SABOSB]2.0.CO;2
Ramírez Ríos D. C., Otálora Cascante A. R., Parra Giraldo R. 2005: Identificación de fitolitos en el cálculo dental de individuos prehispánicos del Valle del Cauca - Colombia. The Phytolitharien 17(2): 6.
Ramírez Ríos D. C., Otálora Cascante A.R., Parra Giraldo R. 2008: Identificación de fitolitos en el cálculo dental de individuos prehispánicos del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. In: In: Korstanje M.A., BABOT M. del P. (eds.): Matices Interdisciplinarios en Estudios Fitolíticos y de Otros Microfósiles. BAR International Series 1870. p. 209-217.
Rovner I., Russ J. C. 1992: Darwin and design in phytolith systematics: Morphometric methods for mitigating redundancy. In: Rapp Jr. G., Mulholland S. C. (eds.): Phytolith Systematics: Emerging issues. Advances in archaeological and museum sciences, Vol. 1., Plenum Press, New York. p. 253-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_13
Rovner I. 1971: Potential of opal phytoliths for use in paleoecological reconstruction. Quaternary Research 1: 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(71)90070-6
Rovner I. 2008: Biblography of phytolith studies. Unpublished manuscript, pp. 125
Runge F. 1996: Opal phytolithe n Pflanzen aus dem humiden und semi-ariden Osten Afrikas und ihre Bedeutung für die Klima- un Vegetationgeschichte. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 118: 303-363
Runge F. 1999: The opal phytolith inventory of soils in Central Africa: Quantities, shapes, classification, and spectra. Review of Paleobotany und Palynology 107: 23-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(99)00018-4
Sarjeant W. A. S. 1978: Hunderth year memorium: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg 1795-1877. Palynology 2: 209-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.1978.9989177
Schellenberg H.C. 1908: Wheat and barley from the North Kurgan, Anau. In: Pumpelly R. (ed.): Explorations in Turkestan Vol. 3. p. 471-473. Carnegie Institute, washington DC.
Smithson F. 1956: Silica particles in some British soils. Journal of Soil Science 7: 122-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1956.tb00868.x
Smithson F. 1958: Grass opal in British soils. Journal of Soil Science 9: 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1958.tb01907.x
Smithson F. 1959: Opal sponge spicules in soils. Journal of Soil Science 10: 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1959.tb00670.x
Smithson F. 1961: The microscopy os the silt fraction. Journal of Soil Science 22: 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1961.tb00905.x
Tsartsidou G., Lev-Yadun S., Efstratiou N., Weiner S. 2007: Ethnoarchaeological study of phytolith assemblages from an agro-pastoral village in Northern Greece (Sarakini): development and application of a Phytolith Difference Index. Journal of Archaeological Science (in press) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.008
Sz-Borsos 0. 1974. Notes on the leaf anatomy of the Brachypodium pinnatum species complex. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20: 13-21.
Tsartsidou G., Lev-Yadun S., Albert R. M., Miller-Rosen A., Efstratiou N., Weiner S. 2007: The phytolith archaeological record: strengths and weaknesses evaluated based on a quantitative modern reference collection from Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1262-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.017
Twiss, P. C. 2001: A curmudgeon's view of grass phytolitology. in: Meunier, J.D. & Collin, F. (eds.): Phytoliths: Application in Earth Sciences and Human History, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, p.7-27.
Twiss P. C., Suess E., Smith R. M. 1969: Morphological classification of grass phytoliths. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33: p. 109-115. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300010030x
Yarilova E. A. 1956: Mineralogical investigation of a sub-alpine chernozem on andesite basalt. Kora Vyvetrivaniya 2:45-60.
Usov N.I. 1943: Biological accumulations of SiO2 in soils. (Pedology) Pochvovedenie 9-10: 30-36. (orosz nyelven)
Vincens A., Schwartz D., Elenga H., Reynaud-Farrera I., Alexandre A., Bertaux J., Mariotti A., Martin L., Meunier J-D., Nguetsop F., Servan M., Servant-Vildary S., Wirrmann D. 1999: Forest response to climate changes in Atlantic Equatorial Africa during the last 4000 years BP and inheritance on the modern landscapes. Journal of Biogeography 26: 879-885. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00333.x
Watanabe N. 1968: Spodographic evidence of rice from prehistoric Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Tokyo Sec. V. 3: 217-235.
Watanabe N. 1970: Spodographic analysis of millet from prehistoric Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Tokyo Sec. V. 3: 357-384..
Wilding L.P. 1967: Radiocarbon dating of biogenetic opal. Science 156. (3771): 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3771.66
Wilding L.P., Drees L.R. 1968: Biogenic opalin soils as an index of vegetation history in the prairie peninsula. In: Bergstrom, R.E (ed.): Quaternary of Illinois, Special Publication 14. University of Illinois College of Agriculture, p. 99-103.
Wilding L.P., Drees, L.R. 1971: Biogenic opal in Ohio soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 35: 1004-1010. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1971.03615995003500060041x
Zheng Y., Dong Y., Matsui A., Udatsu T., Fujiwara H. 2003: Molecular genetic basis of determining subspecies of ancient rice using the shape of phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 1215-1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00248-0
Zucol A.F, Brea M., Passeggi E. 2008: Los estudios fitolíticos en América del Sur, Una visión retropsectiva. In: Korstanje M.A., Babot M. del P. (eds.): Matices Interdisciplinarios en Estudios Fitolíticos y de Otros Microfósiles. BAR International Series 1870. p. 3-21.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2009 Pető Ákos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A folyóirat Open Access (Gold). Cikkeire a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
