Protected landscape elements in the European Union and the Hungarian effects of the regulation in the look of the kurgans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56617/tl.3692Keywords:
landscape protection, national value, cultural history, common agricultural policy, cross complianceAbstract
There was a significant alteration in the CAP and in the EU regulations in agriculture and as a result of this in Hungarian regulations too. The kurgans were declared protected by law in 2010 (GAEC) in accordance with crosscompliance requirements. Kurgans are significant landscape elements of the Great Hungarian Plain/Carpathian Basin. The oldest mounds may be even 6,000 years old. These human-made formations are valuable –among others-because of their archeological, cultural, historical, botanical, pedological and landscape significance. They significantly decreased in number in the past decades since they became part of the cultivated areas. There have been several unsuccessful attempts to protect them by bringing them under regulation. However, owing to an EU agrarian regulation kurgans (Cumanian mounds) were designated as protected landscape elements which became the condition of payment of direct support. In our research we focus on the impacts of the regulation through the field studies performed in Békés County, which makes it possible to assess the changes in state of the mounds. It is carried out through full- and representative samplings but monitoring methods are also used. The regulation applies to 185 mounds in Békés County, 98 of them in 2012, 78 in 2011 and 40 in 2012 were cultivated. The number of cultivated mounds decreased to 24 by 2013. Studying the results it can be stated that in opposition to the previously less efficient attempts to regulate them, due to the latest regulation the mound protection became more efficient in the last few years. This indicates that the mounds can be saved from deterioration, and the multifuncionality, eco-potential and diversity of the countryside can be maintained.
References
Barczi, A., Tóth, T. M., Csanádi, A., Sümegi, P., Czinkota, I. 2006a: Reconstruction of the paleo-environment and soil evolution of the Csípő-halom kurgan, Hungary. Quaternary International 156–157: 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.05.024
Barczi, A., Joó, K., Pető, Á. Bucsi, T. 2006b: Survey of the buried paleosol under the Lyukas Mound in Hungary. Eurasian Soil Science 39 (1). p. 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229306130217
Barczi, A., Joó, K. 2009: The role of kurgans in the Palaeopedological and Palaeoecological reconstruction of the Hungarian Great Plain. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Berlin-Stuttgart, 53 Suppl. (1): 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2009/0053S1-0131
Alexandrovskiy, A. L. 2000: Holocen development of soils in response to environmental changes: the Novosvobodnaya archaeological site, North Caucasus. Catena 41: 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00105-3
Ackrill, R. 2000: The Common Agricultural Policy. Sheffield Academic Press Ltd., Sheffield. p. 49–225.
Árgay Z., Balczó B., Tóth P. 2013: A kunhalmok megőrzésének hagyományos és új módjai, szereplői. A Falu 28 (1) 69–80.
Barczi A. 2009: Kunhalmok eltemetett talajainak vizsgálata. MTA Doktori értekezés, Gödöllő. p. 32–61.
Ben, A. 2010: GAEC Standards and Public Goods. GAEC Workshop, Rome, p. 5–8.
Brady, M., Kellermann, K., Sahrbacher, C., Jelinek, L. 2009: Impacts of Decoupled Agricultural Support on Farm Structure. Biodiversity and Landscape Mosaic: Some EU Results. Journal of Agricultural Economics 60: 563–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2009.00216.x
Csányi, M. 2003: Zwei Gräber aus dem frühbronzezeitlichen Gräberfeld von Nagyrév-Zsidóhalom. In: Morgenrot der Kulturen. Frühe Etappen der Menschheitsgeschichte in Mittel- und Südosteuropa. Festschrift für Nándor Kalicz zum 75. Geburtstag Hrsg. von E. Jerem und P. Raczky Archaeolingua 15, Budapest, p. 497–512.
Dani, J., M. Nepper, I. 2006: Sárrétudvari–Őrhalom tumulus grave from the beginning of the EBA in Eastern Hungary. Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, p. 29–50.
Darie, C. 2012: Environmental standards in the common agricultural policy (Cross compliance. Annals of the University of Craiova – Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) XLII, p. 150.
Ecsedy, I. 1979: The people of the pit-grave kurgans in Eastern Hungary. Fontes Archaeologici Hungariae, Akadémiai Kiadó, Bp., p. 148
Gelencsér, G, Vona, M, Centeri, Cs. 2012: Loosing agricultural heritage in rural landscapes – a case study in Koppány Valley area, Hungary. European Countryside 4(2): 134–146.
Gerry, B. 2009: The Irish Agricultural Rural Landscape. Irish National Landscape Conference, Published Paper, Irish Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., Dublin. p. 100–110.
Gojda, M., Hejcman, M. 2012: Cropmarks in main field crops enable the identification of a wide spectrum of buried features on archaeological sites in Central Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.023
Hejcman, M., Součková, K., Krištuf, P., Peška, J. 2013: What questions can be answered by chemical analysis of recent and paleosols from the Bell Beaker barrow (2500–2200 BC), Central Moravia, Czech Republic? Quaternary International 316: 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.014
Khokhlova, O. S., Sedov, S. N., Golyeva, A. A., Khokhlov, A., A. 2001: Evolution of Chernozems in the Northern Caucasus, Russia during the second half of the Holocene: carbonate status of paleosols as a tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Geoderma 104: 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00062-3
Kölcsönös Megfeleltetés 2013: A Helyes Mezőgazdasági és Környezeti Állapot. A Kölcsönös Megfeleltetés honlapja (http//.www.kolcsonosmegfeleltetes.hu)
Molnár, M., Joó, K., Barczi, A., Szántó, Zs., Futó, I., Palcsu, L., Rinyu L. 2004: Dating of total soil organic matter used in kurgan studies. Radiocarbon 46 (2): 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200039722
MVH 2013: Minimum level of maintenance: Ensure a minimum level of maintenance and avoid the deterioration of habitat. Saját adatbázis, Budapest. p. 1–12.
Novák, T., Nyilas, I., Tóth, Cs. 2009: Preliminary studies on landscape ecological structure of fragmented loess grasslands on the Zsolca mounds (Felsőzsolca, Hungary). Tájökológiai Lapok 7 (1): 161–173.
Puskás, I., Farsang, A. 2008: Diagnostic indicators for characterising urban soil of Szeged, Hungary. Geoderma 148 (3-4): 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.10.014
Raczky, P., Meier-Arendt, W., Anders, A., Hajdú, Zs., Nagy, E., Kurucz, K., Domboróczky, L., Sebők, K., Sümegi, P., Magyari, E., Szántó, Zs., Gulyás, S., Dobó, K., Bácskay, E., T. Biró, K., Schwartz, C. 2002: Polgár – Csőszhalom (1989-2000): Summary of the Hungarian-German Excavations on a neolithic Settlement in Eastern Hungary. Mauer Schau, Band 2., Verlag Bernhard Albert Greiner, Remshalden – Grunbach, p. 833–860.
Sudnik, B., Wójcikowska, I., Moysiyenko, I. 2008: The floristic differentiation of microhabitats within kurgans in desert steppe zone of Southern Ukraine. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 77(2): 139–147. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.018
Sudnik, B., Wójcikowska, I., Moysiyenko, I., Zachwatowicz, M., Jabłońska, E. 2011: The value and need for protection of kurgan flora in the anthropogenic landscape of steppe zone in Ukraine. Plant Biosystems 145(3): 638–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.601335
Szelekovszky L. 1999: Békés megye kunhalmai. Körös-Maros Nemzeti Parkért Egyesület Kiadványa, Sirályka Nyomda, Békéscsaba, p. 64
Toma, E., Roth, M. (Eds.), Centeri, Cs., Dobrovodska, M., Printsmann, A., Raguž-Lučić, E. 2010: Agricultural landscape history of 20th-century Eastern Europe. In: Pungetti, G. Kruse, A. (eds.) European Culture expressed in Agricultural Landscapes. Perspectives from the Eucaland Project. Palombi Editori, Rome, p. 105–108.
Tóth A. (szerk.) 1999: Kunhalmok. Alföldkutatásért Alapítvány Kiadványa, Kisújszállás, p. 77.
Tóth A. 2002: Az Alföld piramisai. Alföldkutatásért Alapítvány, Kisújszállás.
Tóth Cs. 2006: Az országos kunhalomfelmérés eredményei a földtani értékvédelem szemszögéből. Acta Geographica Ac Geologica et Meteorologica Debrecina 1(1): 129–135.
Tóth Cs. 2007: Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok megye kunhalmainak állapotfelmérése. Jászkunság 50 (1–2): 42–59.
Tóth Cs., Novák T., Nyilas I. 2008: Ötezer esztendő őrzői - A Zsolcai-halmok. Természetbúvár 63 (3): 20–23.
Tóth Cs., Pethe M., Molnár M. 2012: A Zsolcai-halmok komplex földtudományi vizsgálata. In: Nyári, D. (ed.): Kockázat-Konfliktus-Kihívás. VI. Magyar Földrajzi Konf. Tanulmánykötete, Szeged. p. 897–904.
Tóth Cs., Novák T. J., Tóth A. 2014: A kunhalmok területhasználat-váltásának időszerű kérdései. Tiszavilág. A Tiszazugi Földrajzi Múzeum Közleményei 6. 61–76.
Virágh, D. 1979: Cartographical data of the kurgans in the Tisza region. In: Ecsedy, I. (ed.): The people of the pit-grave kurgans in Eastern Hungary. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 117–148.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Rákóczi Attila, Barczi Attila
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A folyóirat Open Access (Gold). Cikkeire a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
