Natural vegetation based landscape indicators for Hungary I.: critical review and the basic ‘MÉTA’ indicators
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56617/tl.4149Palavras-chave:
landscape ecology, biodiversity indicator, habitat quantity and quality, invasive species, landscape pattern, natural capital index, Landscape Ecological Vegetation Database for Hungary (MÉTA), GISResumo
In the present article we give a critical review about those biodiversity indicators that are in connection with the landscape and the vegetation. Besides, we describe the indicators deriving from the only GIS database, which contains ecologically relevant data for the whole territory of Hungary. Quantity area, pattern, quality and combined indicators are used globally and at the scale of Europe. Most of these are ecologically irrelevant, principally due to the lack of relevant data. Few indicators are actually employed, but developments are still in progress. On the grounds of the MÉTA database Landscape Ecological Vegetation Database for Hungary, constructed between 2002 and 2008, we propose the use of the following landscape and vegetation indicators for Hungary: habitat area, habitat texture of the landscape, area of old-fields, regional coverage of invasive species, habitat diversity, Natural Capital Index, area of high value natural areas, proportion of naturalness classes, structural habitat connectivity. Some of these indicators would also be applicable in the Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System. In the future, there will be serious need for the elaboration and testing of further indicators, as well as for their detailed definition and their introduction in practice.
Referências
Bartha D., Bölöni J., Ódor P., Standovár T., Szmorad F., Tímár G. 2003: A magyarországi erdők természetességének vizsgálata. (Mapping on the naturalness of Hungarian forests.) Erdészeti Lapok 138: 73–75.
Biró M., Papp O., Horváth F., Bagi I., Czúcz B., Molnár Zs. 2006: Élőhely-változások az idő folyamán. (Habitat changes through time.) In: Török K., Fodor L. (eds.): A Nemzeti Biodiverzitás Monitorozás Eredményei I. Élőhelyek, mohák és gombák. (Results of the Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System I.) KvVM TVH, Budapest, pp. 51–66.
Borhidi A. 1995: Social behaviour types, their naturalness and relative ecological indicator values of the higher plants of the Hungarian Flora. Acta Bot. 39: 97–182.
Bosch, P., Söderbäck, E. 1997: European environmental state indicators. Project report, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen and Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm.
Bölöni J., Kun A., Molnár Zs. 2003: Élőhely-ismereti Útmutató. (Habitat Guide.) Manuscript, MTA ÖBKI, Vácrátót.
Bulla M., Guzli P. 2006: A fenntartható fejlődés indikátorai. (Indicators of sustainability.) In: Bulla M., Tamás P.: Fenntartható fejlődés Magyarországon (Jövőképek és forgatókönyvek). Stratégiai kutatások Magyarországon, Új Mandátum Kiadó, Budapest, pp. 235–256.
Büttner Gy., Feranec J., Jaffrain G. (eds.) 2002: Corine land-cover update 2000: Technical guidelines. Technical report No 89., EEA (European Environment Agency), Coppenhagen.
Csorba P. 2005: Indikátorok az ökológiai tájszerkezet és tájműködés jellemzésére (Indices to evaluate the ecological landscape structure and landscape functioning.), Manuscript, Debrecen University, pp. 14.
DEFRA 2007: Biodiversity indicators in your pocket. Defra Publications, London.
Dumortier M., De Bruyn L., Hens M., Peymen J., Schneiders A., Van Daele T., Van Reeth W., Weyenbergh G., Kuijken E. 2006: Biodiversity Indicators 2006. State of Nature in Flanders (Belgium). Research Institute for Nature and Forest.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 1999: Environmental indicators: Typology and overview. Technical report No 25.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2000: Are we moving in the right direction? Indicators on transport and environment integration in the EU. Copenhagen.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2001a: Consolidated summary of proposed core indicators for water following meeting in Vienna. Unpublished report, Copenhagen.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2001b: Environmental signals 2002 – draft list of contents. Unpublished working paper, Copenhagen.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2001c: Environmental signals 2001. Environmental assessment report No 8, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2002: An inventory of biodiversity indicators in Europe. Technical report No. 92., Copenhagen.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2004a: EU headline biodiversity indicators. Malahide.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2004b: The state of biological diversity in the European Union. Malahide.
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2006: EEA Core Set of Indicators, Latest indicator assessements grouped by topic. (themes.eea.europa.eu/IMS/CSI).
EEA (European Environment Agency) 2007: Halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010: proposal for a first set of indicators to monitor progress in Europe. Technical report No. 11., Copenhagen.
Estreguil, C., Vogt, P., Cerruti, M., Maggi M. 2004: JRC Contribution to Reporting Needs of EC Nature and Forest Policies, In proceedings of IUFRO Conference on „Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe – From Ideas to Operationality” - EFI Proceedings 51: 91–104.
European Commission 2000: Indicators for the integration of environmental concerns into the common agricultural policy. COM(2000)20 final, Brussels.
European Commission 2001: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament – Statistical information needed for indicators to monitor the integration of environmental concerns into the common agricultural policy. COM(2001)144 final, Brussels.
Eurostat 2001: Towards environmental pressure indicators for the EU (TEPI), Eurostat project web site (http://www.e-m-a-i-l.nu/tepi/).
Fammler, H.; Veidemane, K.; Platniece, A., Simanovska, J. (eds.) 1998: Baltic state of the environment report. Baltic Environmental Forum, Riga, Gandrs Publishers.
Gustafson, E. J.; Parker, G. R. 1992: Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern. Landscape Ecology 7: 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02418941
Hahn, K. & Christensen, M. 2004: Dead Wood in European Forest Reserves – A Reference for Forest Management. In proceedings of IUFRO Conference on „Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe – From Ideas to Operationality” – EFI Proceedings 51: 181–192.
Hannah, L., Lohse, D., Hutchinson, C., Carr, J. L., Lankerani, A. 1994: A preliminary inventory of human disturbance of world ecosystems. Ambio 23: 246–250.
Horváth F. (ed.) 2006: Élőhely-térképezés: élőhelyek mintázata és változása a tájban. In Török & Fodor (eds.): A Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozó Rendszer eredményei I. Élőhelyek, mohák és gombák. (Results of the National Biodiversity Monitoring Program I. Habitats, mosses and fungi.) Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Minisztérium, Természetvédelmi Hivatal, Budapest. p. 17–98.
Király G. 2003: A magyarországi flóratérképezés módszertani alapjai. Útmutató és magyarázat a hálótérképezési adatlapok használatához. (Methodology of the Hungarian flora mapping. Guide to the data sheets.) Flora Pannonica 1: 3–20.
Kovács-Láng E., Török K. (ed.) 1997: Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozó Rendszer III. Növénytársulások, társuláskomplexek és élőhelymozaikok. (National Biodiversity Monitoring Program III. Plant communities, habitat complexes and habitat mosaics.) Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest, 148 pp.
Kovács-Láng, E., Fekete, G., Horváth, F., Molnár, Zs., Török, K., Tardy, J., Demeter, A. 2000: The development and implementation of a national biodiversity monitoring programme in Hungary. In: Bischoff, C., R. Dröschmeister (eds.): European Monitoring for Nature Conservation. Schriftenreihe für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz Heft 62, Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn.
Kun A., Molnár Zs. (szerk.) 1999: Élőhely-térképezés. A Nemzeti Biodiverztitás-monitorozó Rendszer kézikönyvsorozat kötetei XI. (Habitat mapping.) Budapest, pp. 158.
MCPFE (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe) 2001: MCPFE AG draft recommendations for the improvement of the pan-European indicators for sustainable forest management for criteria 2, 4 and 5. Discussion document of the MCPFE Advisory Group for the Improvement of the Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management.
Molnár Zs. (ed.) 2003: MÉTA módszertani és adatlapkitöltési útmutató. (Guide on the methods of MÉTA and on the completion of the MÉTA datasheets.) Manuscript, MTA ÖBKI, Vácrátót.
Molnár, Zs., Bartha, S., Seregélyes, T., Illyés, E., Botta-Dukát, Z., Tímár, G., Horváth, F., Révész, A., Kun, A., Bölöni, J., Biró, M., Bodonczi, L., Deák József, Á., Fogarasi, P., Horváth, A., Isépy, I., Karas, L., Kecskés, F., Molnár, Cs., Ortmann-Né Ajkai, A., Rév, Sz. 2007: A Grid Based, Satellite-Image Supported, Multi-Attributed Vegetation Mapping Method (MÉTA). Folia Geobotanica 42: 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02806465
Neave, P., Neave, E., Weins, T., Riche, T. 2000: Availability of wildlife habitat on farmland. In: Mcrae, T., Smith, C. A. S., Gregorich, L. J. (eds.): Environmental sustainability of Canadian agriculture: Report of the agri-environmental indicator project, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 2001: Environmental indicators for agriculture – Volume 3: Methods and results. Paris.
Prescott-Allen, R., Moiseev, A., Macpherson, N. 2000: An approach to assessing biological diversity with particular reference to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Draft test guide, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.
Rakics R. (ed.) 2005: Hazánk környezeti állapota. (State of Hungary’s environment.) Report, Ministry for the Environment, Budapest, pp. 152.
Rausz A. (ed.) 2005: Magyarország környezetstatisztikai atlasza. (Environmental statistics atlas of Hungary.) KSH-VÁTI, Budapest, pp. 79.
Reid, W. V., Mcneely, J. A., Tunstall, D. B., Bryant, D. A., Winograd, M. 1993: Biodiversity indicators for policy-makers. World Resources Institute, Washington.
Simon, T. 1988: Nature conservation values of the Hungarian vascular flora. Abstracta Botanica 12: 1-23. Szép T., Nagy K. 2006: Magyarország természeti állapota az EU csatlakozáskor az MME Mindennapi Madaraink Monitoringja (MMM) 1999-2005 adatai alapján. (State of natural values in Hungary at the joining to the EU on the base of common bird monitoring (MMM) program of the MME for the 1999- 2005 period.) Természetvédelmi Közlemények 12: 5–16.
Ten Brink, B. 2000: Biodiversity indicators for the OECD environmental outlook and strategy: A feasibility study. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Török K., Fodor L. (eds.) 2006: A Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozó Rendszer eredményei I. Élőhelyek, mohák és gombák. (Results of the National Biodiversity Monitoring Program I. Habitats, mosses and fungi.) Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Minisztérium, Természetvédelmi Hivatal, Budapest. pp. 197.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 1992: Convention on Biological Diversity. (biodiv.org/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf).
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 1997: Recommendations for a core set of indicators of biological diversity. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/3/9, Subsidiary body on scientific, technical and technological advice.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 1999: Development of indicators of biological diversity. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/5/12, Subsidiary body on scientific, technical and technological advice.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 2001: Indicators and environmental impact assessment: Designing national-level monitoring and indicator programmes. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/7/12, Subsidiary body on scientific, technical and technological advice.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 2005: Indicators for assessing progress towards, and communicating, the 2010 target at the global level. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/10/9, Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice.
Wascher, D. M. (ed. ) 2000: Agri-environmental indicators for sustainable agriculture in Europe. European Centre for Nature Conservation, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) 1996: Biodiversity indicators for integrated environmental assessments at the regional and global level: Feasibility study on data availability of six biodiversity indicators. Project report prepared for RIVM’, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, U.K.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2008 Molnár Zsolt, Horváth Ferenc
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A folyóirat Open Access (Gold). Cikkeire a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
