Heavy Metal Content and Methods of Reduction in Sewage Sludge
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.3513Keywords:
heavy metal, potentially toxic element (PTE), wastewater sludge, vermicomposting, soilAbstract
Sewage sludge is a large by-product of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment, and its composition, macro-, micro-, and trace element content can range widely. The technology and end use of the sludge produced during the process is also varied depending on the quality and quantity parameters of the treated sludge.
From an economic and environmental point of view, the most suitable disposal method for sewage sludge would be its utilization as fertilizer, however, the presence of some toxic elements limits the disposal of sewage sludge in agricultural areas. Various technologies are available for the removal of unwanted toxic metals from sewage sludge (physical, chemical and biological), but there is currently no unified directive on the best available treatment options. Due to the relatively high cost of physical and chemical methods, as well as the risk of secondary pollution, research is increasingly turning to biological processes, which may be economically and environmentally more favorable processes in the future. Vermicomposting of sewage sludge is a promising method for the removal of metals, as it is low-cost and does not change negatively the nutrient composition of the sludge.
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