Relationship between nutrition factors and development of food pad dermatitis (FPD)

Márk Tóth; Mária Kovács-Weber; Tibor Pap; Márta Erdélyi

doi:10.18380/SZIE.COLUM.2023.10.1.5

Authors

Márk Tóth Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Feed Safety, H-2100, Páter Károly u. 1., Gödöllő, Hungary; Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Animal Husbandry Technology andAnimal Welfare, H-2100, Páter Károly u. 1., Gödöllő, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5602-443X
Mária Kovács-Weber Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Feed Safety, H-2100, Páter Károly u. 1., Gödöllő, Hungary
Tibor Pap Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Animal Husbandry Technology andAnimal Welfare, H-2100, Páter Károly u. 1., Gödöllő, Hungary
Márta Erdélyi Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Feed Safety, H-2100, Páter Károly u. 1., Gödöllő, Hungary

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18380/SZIE.COLUM.2023.10.1.5

Keywords:

nutrition, poultry, foot pad dermatitis

Abstract

Nowadays, foot pad dermatitis and the associated loss of production and income is one of the major problems in intensive broiler chicken production. The third most valuable part of a broiler chicken is the legs. In the case of FPD, losses are realised as animals with foot pad dermatitis (FDP) eat, drink, and move less, and their performance is reduced, which causes serious loss of income. It also raises animal welfare concerns and can cause food safety problems. Development of the FPD and its frequency is influenced by several factors, individually or in combination: genetics, management, and feeding. In this article, we review the feeding causes of the development of FDP. Feedstuffs, rich in soluble NSP substances, low energy concentration in the diet, or luxury protein supply lead to low quality of the litter, predisposing birds to FPD. In addition, some minerals (Na, K, Cl) stimulate water consumption, while deficiency of others (Zn, Cu, Mn) affects epithelial tissue development and thus might provoke FPD.

Author Biography

Mária Kovács-Weber, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Feed Safety, H-2100, Páter Károly u. 1., Gödöllő, Hungary

corresponding author
Kovacs-Weber.Maria@uni-mate.hu

References

Abdel-Hamid, S. E.-S., Shahin, S. E., & Rehan, I. F. (2020). Organic selenium supplementation: A convenient approach to improve behaviour, performance, and economics and to suppress stress in home-cage reared ducks. Journal of Animal Health and Production 9(s1). doi: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2020/9.s1.9.16

Abd El-Wahab, A., Visscher, C. F., Beineke, A., Beyerbach, M., & Kamphues, J. (2013). Effects of high electrolyte contents in the diet and using floor heating on development and severity of foot pad dermatitis in young turkeys. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 97(1), 39-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01240.x

Algers, B., & Berg, C. (2001). Monitoring Animal Welfare on Commercial Broiler Farms in Sweden. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science 51(sup030), 88-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/090647001316923135

Amer, M. M. (2020). Footpad dermatitis (FPD) in chickens. The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence 6(4), 11-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.13106/kjfhc.2020.vol6.no4.11.

Bedford, M. R., & Schulze, H. (1998). Exogenous enzymes for pigs and poultry. Nutrition Research Reviews 11(1), 91–114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19980007

Berkhout, N. (n.d.). Chicken feet market in China profitable for US. Retrieved 06.08.2021, from https://www.poultryworld.net/poultry/chicken-feet-market-in-china-profitable-for-us/

Bilgili, S., Alley, M., Hess, J., & Nagaraj, M. (2006). Influence of Age and Sex on Footpad Quality and Yield in Broiler Chickens Reared on Low and High Density Diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15(3), 433-441. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/15.3.433

Borges, S., Fischer da Silva, A., Ariki, J., Hooge, D., & Cummings, K. (2003). Dietary electrolyte balance for broiler chickens under moderately high ambient temperatures and relative humidities. Poultry Science 82(2), 301-308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.2.301

Celebi, S., & Utlu, N. (2006). Influence of animal and vegetable oil in layer diets on performance and serum lipid profile. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(4), 370-373. doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.370.373

Cengız, Ö., Hess, J., & Bilgili, S. (2012). Feed enzyme supplementation does not ameliorate foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens fed on a corn-soyabean diet. British Poultry Science 53(4), 401-407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.711467

Cengiz, Ö., Hess, J., & Bilgili, S. (2012). Influence of graded levels of dietary sodium on the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21(4), 770-775. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00464

Cengiz, Ö., Hess, J., Bilgili, S., et al. (2013). Effect of protein source on the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens reared on different flooring types. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 77(3), 166-70.

Cengiz, Ö., Köksal, B., Önol, A., Tatl{i, O., Sevim, Ö., Avc{i, H., & Bilgili, S. (2012). Influence of dietary enzyme supplementation of barley-based diets on growth performance and footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens exposed to early high-moisture litter. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21(1), 117-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00447

Choct, M. (2006). Enzymes for the feed industry: past, present and future. World's Poultry Science Journal 62(1), 5-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/wps200480

Choct, M., Hughes, R., & Bedford, M. (1999). Effects of a xylanase on individual bird variation, starch digestion throughout the intestine, and ileal and caecal volatile fatty acid production in chickens fed wheat. British Poultry Science 40(3), 419-422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669987548

Christensen, H. (1996). An insatiable market in southern China and Hong Kong changes a chicken by-product into a snack food. Poultry Market Technology (May/June), 38-41.

Cozannet, P., Kidd, M. T., Montanhini Neto, R., & Geraert, P.-A. (2017). Next-generation non-starch polysaccharide-degrading, multi-carbohydrase complex rich in xylanase and arabinofuranosidase to enhance broiler feed digestibility. Poultry Science 96(8), 2743-2750. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex084

de Jong, I. C., Lourens, A., & van Harn, J. (2015). Effect of hatch location and diet density on footpad dermatitis and growth performance in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 24(2), 105-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv014

Defra. (1994). Poultry litter management (Tech. Rep. No. PB1739). London, UK: Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Dersjant-Li, Y., van de Belt, K., van der Klis, J., Kettunen, H., Rinttilä, T., & Awati, A. (2015). Effect of multi-enzymes in combination with a direct-fed microbial on performance and welfare parameters in broilers under commercial production settings. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 24(1), 80-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv003

Eichner, G., Vieira, S., Torres, C., Coneglian, J., Freitas, D., & Oyarzabal, O. (2007). Litter Moisture and Footpad Dermatitis as Affected by Diets Formulated on an All-Vegetable Basis or Having the Inclusion of Poultry By-Product. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16(3), 344-350. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.3.344

El-Wahab, A. A., Radko, D., & Kamphues, J. (2013). High dietary levels of biotin and zinc to improve health of foot pads in broilers exposed experimentally to litter with critical moisture content. Poultry Science 92(7), 1774-1782. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03054

Ferguson, N., Gates, R., Taraba, J., Cantor, A., Pescatore, A., Ford, M., & Burnham, D. (1998). The effect of dietary crude protein on growth, ammonia concentration, and litter composition in broilers. Poultry Science 77(10), 1481-1487. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.10.1481

Flores, C., Williams, M., Pieniazek, J., Dersjant-Li, Y., Awati, A., & Lee, J. (2016). Directfed microbial and its combination with xylanase, amylase, and protease enzymes in comparison with AGPs on broiler growth performance and foot-pad lesion development. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 25(3), 328-337. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw016

Fuhrmann, R., & Kamphues, J. (2016). Effects of fat content and source as well as of calcium and potassium content in the diet on fat excretion and saponification, litter quality and foot pad health in broilers. European Poultry Science 80(), . doi: https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.118

Gigliuto, C., de Gregori, M., Malafoglia, V., william raffaeli, Compagnone, C., Visai, L., . . . Cobianchi, L. (2014). Pain assessment in animal models: do we need further studies? Journal of Pain Research 7(1), 227-236. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s59161

Greene, J. A., McCracken, R., & Evans, R. (1985). A contact dermatitis of broilers -clinical and pathological findings. Avian Pathology 14(1), 23-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079458508436205

Grégoire, J., Bergeron, R., D’Allaire, S., Meunier-Salaün, M.-C., & Devillers, N. (2013). Assessment of lameness in sows using gait, footprints, postural behaviour and foot lesion analysis. Animal 7(7), 1163-1173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113000098

Harms, R., & Simpson, C. (1975). Biotin Deficiency as a possible Cause of Swelling and Ulceration of Foot Pads. Poultry Science 54(5), 1711-1713. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0541711

Heitmann, S., Stracke, J., Petersen, H., Spindler, B., & Kemper, N. (2018). First approach validating a scoring system for foot-pad dermatitis in broiler chickens developed for application in practice. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 154(1), 63-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.013

Hess, J., Bilgili, S., & Downs, K. (2004). Paw quality issues. In Proc. Deep South Poultry Conference, Tifton, Ga. University of Georgia, Athens.

Hess, J. B., Bilgili, S. F., Parson, A. M., & Downs, K. M. (2001). Influence of Complexed Zinc Products on Live Performance and Carcass Grade of Broilers. Journal of Applied Animal Research 19(1), 49-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2001.9706709

Hester, P. Y. (1994). The Role of Environment and Management on Leg Abnormalities in Meat-Type Fowl. Poultry Science 73(6), 904-915. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0730904

Hetland, H., Choct, M., & Svihus, B. (2004). Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 60(4), 415-422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/wps200325

Hossain, M., Islam, A., & Iji, P. (2013). Growth responses, excreta quality, nutrient digestibility, bone development and meat yield traits of broiler chickens fed vegetable or animal protein diets. South African Journal of Animal Science 43(2), 208-218. doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v43i2.11

Jeon, J.-J., Hong, E.-C., Kang, H.-K., Kim, H.-S., Son, J., You, A.-S., . . . Kang, B.-S. (2020). A Review of Footpad Dermatitis Characteristics, Causes, and Scoring System for Broiler Chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 47(4), 199-210. doi: https://doi.org/10.5536/kjps.2020.47.4.199

Jim. (n.d.). Controlling footpad dermatitis in poultry. Retrieved 08.03.2023, from https://www.poultryproducer.com/controlling-footpad-dermatitis-in-poultry/

Khadem, A., Lourenço, M., Delezie, E., Maertens, L., Goderis, A., Mombaerts, R., ... Janssens, G. (2016). Does release of encapsulated nutrients have an important role in the efficacy of xylanase in broilers? Poultry Science 95(5), 1066-1076. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew002

Knudsen, K. E. B. (2014). Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Poultry Science 93(9), 2380-2393. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-03902

Koreleski, J., Świątkiewicz, S. & Arczewska, A. (2010). The effect of dietary potassium and sodium on performance, carcass traits, and nitrogen balance and excreta moisture in broiler chicken. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 19(2), 244-256. doi: https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66285/2010

Lichtorowicz, K., Zduńczyk, Z., Juśkiewicz, J., & Jankowski, J. (2012). The effect of different dietary sodium levels on blood electrolytes, growth performance and foot pad dermatitis incidence in turkeys. Journal of Elemntology 17(2), 279-287. doi: https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2012.17.2.10

Manangi, M., Vazquez-Añon, M., Richards, J., Carter, S., Buresh, R., & Christensen, K. (2012). Impact of feeding lower levels of chelated trace minerals versus industry levels of inorganic trace minerals on broiler performance, yield, footpad health, and litter mineral concentration. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21(4), 881-890. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00531

Market Intelligence Team. (2020). 2020 Industry Report: Chicken Paw (Tech. Rep.). TRIDGE. Retrieved from https://cdn.tridge.com/market_report_report/66/f3/e1/66f3e12303da0e030fa591a0a552fa2ade4a7564/ Tridge_Chicken_Paw_Market_Report.pdf

Martland, M. (1985). Ulcerative dermatitis dm broiler chickens: The effects of wet litter. Avian Pathology 14(3), 353-364. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079458508436237

Mayne, R., Else, R., & Hocking, P. (2007). High dietary concentrations of biotin did not prevent foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys and external scores were poor indicators of histopathological lesions. British Poultry Science 48(3), 291-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701370509

Mcferran, J., McNulty, M., McCracken, R., & Greene, J. (1983). Enteritis and associated problems. In T. Hungerford (Ed.), Disease prevention and control in poultry production (p. 129-138). Sydney: University Press.

Mikulski, D., Juskiewicz, J., Przybylska-Gornowicz, B., Sosnowska, E., Slominski, B., Jankowski, J., & Zdunczyk, Z. (2017). The effect of dietary faba bean and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes on the growth performance and gut physiology of young turkeys. Animal 11(12), 2147-2155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111700101X

Mushtaq, M., Pasha, T., Mushtaq, T., & Parvin, R. (2013). Electrolytes, dietary electrolyte balance and salts in broilers: an updated review on growth performance, water intake and litter quality. World's Poultry Science Journal 69(4), 789-802. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933913000810

Nagaraj, M., Wilson, C., Hess, J., & Bilgili, S. (2007). Effect of High-Protein and All-Vegetable Diets on the Incidence and Severity of Pododermatitis in Broiler Chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16(3), 304-312. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.3.304

Pié Orpí, J. (2020). Footpad dermatitis in poultry. Retrieved 07.07.2020, from https://www.veterinariadigital.com/en/post_blog/footpad-dermatitis-in-poultry/

Ravindran, V., Cowieson, A., & Selle, P. (2008). Influence of Dietary Electrolyte Balance and Microbial Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Excreta Quality of Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science 87(4), 677-688. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00247

Saenmahayak, B., Bilgili, S., Hess, J., & Singh, M. (2010). Live and processing performance of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with complexed zinc. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 19(4), 334-340. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00166

Sevim, Ö., Ahsan, U., Tatl{i, O., Kuter, E., Khamseh, E. K., Reman Temiz, A., . . . Önol, A. G. (2021). Effect of high stocking density and dietary nano-zinc on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, feathering score, and footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens. Livestock Science 253(1), 104727. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104727

Shepherd, E., & Fairchild, B. (2010). Footpad dermatitis in poultry. Poultry Science 89(10), 2043-2051. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00770

Sun, Z. W., Fan, Q. H., Wang, X. X., Guo, Y. M., Wang, H. J., & Dong, X. (2017). High dietary biotin levels affect the footpad and hock health of broiler chickens reared at different stocking densities and litter conditions. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 101(3), 521-530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12465

Swiatkiewicz, S., Arczewska-Wlosek, A., & Jozefiak, D. (2017). The nutrition of poultry as a factor affecting litter quality and foot pad dermatitis – an updated review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 101(5), e14-e20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12630

Weary, D. M., Niel, L., Flower, F. C., & Fraser, D. (2006). Identifying and preventing pain in animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100(1), 64-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.013

Youssef, I. M. I., Beineke, A., Rohn, K., & Kamphues, J. (2012). Influences of increased levels of biotin, zinc or mannan-oligosaccharides in the diet on foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys housed on dry and wet litter. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96(5), 747-761. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01115.x

Zduńczyk, Z., Jankowski, J., Mikulski, D., Zduńczyk, P., Juśkiewicz, J., & Slominski, B. (2020). The effect of NSP-degrading enzymes on gut physiology and growth performance of turkeys fed soybean meal and peas-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 263(1), 114448. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114448

Zdunczyk, Z., Jankowski, J., Rutkowski, A., Sosnowska, E., Drazbo, A., Zdunczyk, P., & Juskiewicz, J. (2014). The composition and enzymatic activity of gut microbiota in laying hens fed diets supplemented with blue lupine seeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 191(), 57-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.01.016

Zhu, Y., Xie, M., Huang, W., Yang, L., & Hou, S. (2012). Effects of biotin on growth performance and foot pad dermatitis of starter white pekin ducklings. British Poultry Science 53(5), 646-650. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.722607