ISSN 0239-1260 (print) A multidisciplinary journal in agricultural sciences. The Journal Georgikon for Agriculture (briefly: G.Agric) is published twice a year by Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgicon Campus. Articles of original research findings in all fields of agriculture and related topics are published in the Journal subsequent to critical revieww and approval by the Editorial Board.
Cikkre a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
Repcebecő-ormányos Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) imágókon végzett piretroid (lambda-cihalotrin) rezisztencia vizsgálat
One of the most important pests of the winter oilseed rape is cabbage seed weevils. We used IRAC 31 method pyrethroid resistance test with lambda-cyhalotrin on the collected beetles from four different places of Hungary. According to our examination the tested beetles were in susceptible category because the mortality on 0,015 µg/cm² dose was 100%. In case of the lowest dose on 0,003 µg/cm2 we experienced significant mortality.
Copyright (c) 2017 Gombai Balázs, Szántóné Veszelka Mária, Farkas István, Havasréti Béla, Hegedűsné Baranyai Nóra, Marczali Zsolt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A termesztett köles, mint gyomnövény (Panicum miliaceum L.) csírázásának gátlása növényi kivonatokkal
The plants, which have allelopathic effects, contain manifold biologically active ingredients compared to conventional herbicides. These types of compounds may have significant potential. It is possible that they will become an alternative to synthetic herbicides in the future, since their outstanding advantage is to prevent the development of herbicide-resistant weed species. However, due to their disadvantages, they certainly will not fully replace the herbicides used widespread nowadays, namely that their production in large amounts and their use is difficult, their effectiveness may be unsure and the duration of their effectiveness can be shorter. Our aim was to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of some cultivated plants – in particular, common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), lemongrass (Melissa officinalis L.), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) – on the germination of common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). After appropriate preparation, the seeds have been germinated for 7 days in Petri-dishes, placed in thermostat at 25°C. Based on our experiment, it can be established that aqueous extract of lemongrass (Melissa officinalis L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) do not show any effect on the germination of common millet. Aqueous extract of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) have low effect on its germination. Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) showed medium while chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) showed strong inhibitory effect on germination. The extracts influenced the extent of shoot and root growth.
Copyright (c) 2017 Szabó Rita, Fábián Gábor, Menyhárt László, Pásztor György, Cseh Eszter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Az ürömlevelű parlagfű (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) előfordulásának felmérése 2016-ban Csallóközben és Szigetközben
Invasive species have a negative impact on the natural ecosystems. Monitoring of invasive plant species is a very important task to get to know the plant biology and damage. It is an indispensable condition of defense strategies against it. In Slovakia and Hungary the most common invasive weed is the common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Our aim was to register and demonstrate the occurrence of this widespread invasive weed in surveyed regions. To understand the distribution of ragweed in the territory the geospatial analysis was applied to create 2D map in ArcGIS environment. The field survey was undertaken during summer 2016 in the Žitný ostrov (Slovakia) and Szigetköz (Hungary) on cereal stubble fields, oil seed rape stubbles, peas stubble, silo maize stubble, in sunflower, in soya bean and fallow land fields were taken as well. The investigation revealed that spatial occurrence of common ragweed is not homogeneous and there is also striking territorial heterogeneity of infestation rate.
Copyright (c) 2017 Domonkos Zsolt, Farkas Anikó, Szabó–Szigeti Veronika, Pinke Gyula, Reisinger Péter, Enzsöl Erzsébet, Tóth Peter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Effect of temperature on germination of different panic weed species
The millet species has been a serious problem for a long time in the maize production. They can be found in the largest maize producer countries in large quantities and species richness. The main reason of the spreading is that it is perfectly adapted to maize production technology. These weed species have a good herbicide tolerance, and if the soil is warmer than 15 oC, they can germinate in the complete vegetation period. The experiment was designed to examine the effect of rising temperatures on germination of Panicum miliaceum, P. ruderale and P. riparium. We wish to determine the effect of increasing temperatures of seedlings viability and the effect on the shoot and the root length. We made an experiment in laboratory conditions, where we have investigated the germination of three panic species in different temperatures.
Copyright (c) 2016 Pásztor György, Nádasy Erzsébet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Glifozát hatóanyagú gyomirtó szer (Fozát 480) és a kadmium-szulfát interakciós vizsgálata házityúk embriókon
The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxic effects of Fozát 480 herbicide (glyphosate [isopropylamine salt] 480g/l) and cadmium sulphate on the development of chicken embryos. On the first day of incubation chicken eggs were injected by 0.1 ml of cadmium sulphate solution (0.1%) and/or by 0.1 ml of Fozát 480 (2%). The chicken embryos were examined on day 19 by the followings: rate of embryo mortality, body mass, type of developmental anomalies, macroscopic examination. The body weight was evaluated statistically by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett test, the embryomortality and the developmental anomalies was analysed by Fisher test. Our teratogenicity study revealed that, the combined administration of cadmium sulphate and glyphosate (isopropylamine salt) containing herbicide formulation (Fozát 480) caused a significant reduction in the body weight of embryos and increased the rate of embryonic mortality. The joint toxic effect of cadmium sulphate and Fozát 480 is an additive effect compared to the individual toxicity of the test materials.
Copyright (c) 2016 Szabó Rita, Kormos Éva, Szemerédy Géza, Sipos Ádám, Lehel József, Budai Péter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
TOTAL herbicid és a réz-szulfát egyedi és együttes toxicitásának vizsgálata házityúk embriókban
The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxic effects of TOTAL herbicide (glyphosate 360 g/l) and copper sulphate on the development of chicken embryos. On the first day of incubation chicken eggs were injected by 0.1 ml of copper sulphate solutions (0.1, 0.01%) and/or by 0.1 ml of TOTAL (1%). The chicken embryos were examined on day 19 by the followings: number of embryonic death, body weight, type of developmental anomalies. Single administration of both test materials and their combination significantly decreased the body weight of the embryos as compared to the control group. Single administration of test items and the combination of them significantly increased the embryomortality. Developmental abnormalities were observed sporadically due to the single and combined administration. Our teratogenicity study revealed that, the individual copper sulphate reduced the body weight of embryos significantly but teratogenic effect was not realised. The single toxic effect of TOTAL was embryotoxic in chicken embryos. The combined administration of TOTAL and copper sulphate increased the embryotoxic effect and the form of toxic interaction may be addition.
Copyright (c) 2016 Budai Péter, Kormos Éva, Grúz Adrienn, Szemerédy Géza, Lehel József, Szabó Rita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Növényvédő szerek in vitro szemirritációs vizsgálata izolált csirkeszemen
The toxicological studies for registration of pesticides are mostly based on mammals. Albino rabbits are used in the generally accepted eye irritation study developed by Draize et al. in 1944. Several various in vitro tests have been developed to replace in vivo eye irritation testing. One of these alternative methods is the Isolated Chicken Eye test. In the present study four different pesticides were screened for irritation potential by the Isolated Chicken Eye test. The in vitro results were compared with the in vivo data from material safety data sheet. In general a good correlation was found between in vitro results from ICE test and reported data based on the Draize eye test. The present form of the ICE test can be proposed as a screening method for the registration of pesticides, therefore the number of test animals can be reduced.
Copyright (c) 2016 Kormos Éva, Buda István, Szabó Rita, Lehel József, Budai Péter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Mikrobiális biomassza tömeg, talajszerkezet és humusz vizsgálatok szerves- és nitrogéntrágyázási tartamkísérletben
In our research we examined the effects of different fertilization variations and supplementary organic fertilization on the weight of microbial biomass, the quantity of humus and its effects on the structure of the soil. This research was going on in a long term fertilization experiment called: IOSDV (Internationale organische und Stickstoff Dauerversuche),which was started in 1983 in Keszthely. The soil is Ramann’s brown forest soil, and it’s physical tipe is sandy pise. In the experiment the same amount of phosphorous and potassium fertiliser and emerging doses of nitrogen was given ot to every plots. In the experiment there were three types of organic treatments: control (only mineral fertiliser), mineral fertiliser and organic manure and mineral fertiliser plus straw and green manure. By our result we measured significant difference between the carbon content of the biomass in each treatment. We also get statistically significant results in the quantity of humus and in its effects on the structure of the soil. However the different nitrogen doses have not caused any significant difference between the treatments.
Copyright (c) 2016 Kökény Mónika, Tóth Zoltán, Csitári Gábor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Testing of work quality characteristics of real-time precision application technology
Nowadays strict environmental regulations prescribe the economical use of chemicals, their environmental friendly and precise application. The G&G Ltd. in Szeged (with the contribution of Szeged University and the University of Pannonia) developed a weed detection and weed patch spraying system that makes the precise control of weed patches possible along railway lines. This spraying train is equipped with an optical sensor to detect the amount of weed by the railway lines in its nine different sectors and it is able to apply targeted control by using herbicides selectively. In 2014, the G&G Ltd., the manufacturer and operator, which took out the patent for the equipment, requested the Julius Kühn Institut, Braunschweig and the Department of Mechanisation at the University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty to supervise the application precision of the spraying train. The task was to measure and evaluate the minimal sensitivity of the sensor, the precision of detection and application, the precision of spraying during different parts of the day, and the precision of the GPS. After summing up the results, it can be established that at a speed of 40 km/h the size of the sample sheet detected 100% was 5 x 5 cm. After examining the precision of detecting weeds and detecting mistakes the biggest deviations can be observed between the measurement data of the different parts of the day (lighting) and not between the spraying sectors. The appliance meets the general and task specific work quality requirements, its application can provide economical, environmental friendly, automatic and targeted spraying technology, which uses chemicals sparingly.
Copyright (c) 2016 Pályi Béla, László Alfréd, Wegener Jens Karl, Rautmann Dirk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Különböző talajápolási módok hatása erózióra hajlamos hegy-völgy telepítési irányú szőlőültetvényben, a 2015-ös évjáratban
Among the soil cultivation systems applied in environmentally friendly viticulture technologies soil protection and within that protection against erosion plays a very significant role. However in the drier ecological production sites besides protection against erosion (in certain years) water retention can become the prime consideration. The Lake Balaton Region has such ecological aptitudes. It has been forecasted that as a result of the effect of climatic change droughts will become increasingly more frequent, the average temperature will rise and violent rainfalls can be expected more frequently. Abiotic stress effects due to inappropriate soil cultivation have a negative effect on grapevine growth. For nearly a decade comparative soil cultivation trials of a duration experiment nature have been conducted at the NAIC Viticulture and Oenology Research Institute Badacsony. During our trials in 2015 we have drawn comparisons on a slope (hill-valley directional) system between mulching with organic plant wastes, and lasting and temporary plant coverage and also mechanical soil cultivation. A special grass mixture was used for the lasting plant coverage (Red fescue, Ambiguous leaved fescue, Tall fescue and Perennial ryegrass), and we also had trials using a legume seed mixture (Red clover, Crimson clover, White clover, Common vetch and Fodder peas). For the temporary plant coverage we used Winter wheat, Triticale and weed mixtures characteristic of the area, furthermore between the rows we planted just Phacelia on its own. Our aim this year (2015) was to examine the effect of the treatments on soil moisture content, on the soil and plant nutrition supply and on harvest results. It can be ascertained overall that our soils must be protected from the damaging effects of erosion, especially in the weather conditions prevailing throughout 2015, when dry periods interchanged with sudden heavy rainfall. The basis for protection against erosion can be soil coverage using organic material wastes which has a favourable effect on both the soil and the plant (water and nutrition supply). The other possible solution is the application of plant coverage. The most suitable of these proved to be the special drought resistant grass mixture and the legume mixture. In comparison with the other treatments the treatment using mulching with organic plant waste and the treatment using a legume mixture showed outstanding results for soil moisture content, mineral nitrogen supply and average yield. These results also showed statistically certified increased values when compared with the results measured on the control plots.
Copyright (c) 2016 Varga Péter, Májer János, Németh Csaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A kukorica és a kölesfajok kompetíciós képességének tanulmányozása tenyészedényes kísérletben
Millet is a very species-rich group, which spread throughout the world. We can find it on ruderals, meadows, and over the last few years we have seen it in wheat and rape, but it have the greatest importance in maize. The different millet species was cultivated long before and is cultivated today too , the species have well adapted to corn production technology and are also strong competitor of maize. We made a research to prove, that the different millet species are strong competitor of maize. We have investigated 3 millet species, and made a pot experiment with additive method. We placed in all pots 5 maize seed and 5, 10 and 20 millet seed. Later we had investigated the competition ability of millet sprouts.
Copyright (c) 2016 Pásztor György, Nádasyné Ihárosi Erzsébet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A csattanó maszlag (Datura stramonium L.), a fenyércirok (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers), és az olasz szerbtövis (Xanthium italicum Mor.) allelopatikus hatása kukoricára
Allelophatic effect of Datura stramonium, Sorghum halepense and Xanthium italicum were examined in biotest under laboratory conditions. There are adventives plants, furthermore Sorghum halepense and Xantium italicum are invasive weed species. All of them continuously cause damages on a large part of our fields. The strong allelophatic effect of these three plants is proven. During our trials we examinated the allelophatic effect of extractions prepared from roots and leafy stems of the weeds on corn (PR37F80). The aqueous extracts of three plants reduced the germination % of the corn. In some cases the shoot and root length were increased, in other cases, the length were decreased depending on the contenctration of the extractions.
Copyright (c) 2016 Tóth Máté István, Nádasyné Ihárosi Erzsébet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A parlagfű gyomszabályozásának módszerei
The ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) our invasive widespread weed gets in from North American. In Hungary has been a three major problem: 1, our invasive widespread weed major damage in agriculture; 2, cause pollen allergy affecting 20% of the country's population; 3, cause major damage on the conservationist. In our study has been reveal of possible methods on weeds regulation (agrotechnical). Used the contain allelochemicals exaltation by bio-herbicides treatments.
Copyright (c) 2016 Pölös Endre, Fekete Evelin, Vojnich Viktor József https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A parlagfű (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) elterjedésének mennyiségi és minőségi értékelése, képi ábrázolása a Csallóközben 3 évben gyűjtött adatokra támaszkodva
The common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is the most significant invasive weed in Slovakia. There is still not enough information about its spreading and the rate of infestation in order to make decisions, to develop strategies to curb the spread of ragweed and to control the spreading of weeds. Our studies in the Rye Island (2013-2015) partly lie in the fact that we first collected and processed quantified, the extent of the contamination indicator data. These were supplemented by weed creators. On the other hand, a part of this information comes from Natura 2000 sites. Finally, according to our experience based on the visualization we can make a suggestion to do well, two-dimensional weed maps.
Copyright (c) 2016 Domonkos Zsolt, Szabó-Szigeti Veronika, Farkas Anikó https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Újabb adatok a mezei pocok (Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1778) atkáihoz
The common vole is one of the most important vertebrate pest species in Europe and in Hungary as well. Two earlier collected nest of the common vole are investigated, and 11 mite species were recorded. Three groups of the mites are presented: parasitic mites, predatory mites living in the nests and saprobionts. On the basis of this new observation the dominant species belonged to the parasitic species. First record of Pneumolaelaps antipai (Solomon, 1968) from Hungary is given with short description and new original illustrations.
Copyright (c) 2016 Kontschán Jenő https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cyazypyr® (ciantraniliprol) hatóanyagú magcsávázó szer a káposztalégy ellen (Delia radicum L.) őszi káposztarepcében
The increasing pressure of oilseed rape pests emphasizes the need to improve the insecticide portfolio, i.e. register new active ingredients with new mode of action. The tested seed treatment formulation applied at 32; 40 and 50 UAT rate of containing cyantraniliprole as active substance. 40 UAT rate gives acceptable control on cabbage root fly in each trial. Despite of the long lasting flight and egg laying period of cabbage root fly, the standard control products and also this product give 45–65% efficacy. It is enough to reduce damage of cabbage root fly and prevent economical damage in oilseed rape.
Copyright (c) 2016 Molnár István, Somlyay István, Tóth Elemér, Farkas István https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A tarka szőlőmoly (Lobesia botrana Denis&Schiffermüller 1775) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) kártételének és tápnövény választásának kémiai ökológiája [Review]
The European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana) is a traditional pest of the Hungarian vineyards, nowadays it causes a serious damage in the Southern part of the country. It completes three generations per year, the yield loss is caused by the larval feeding and the consequential fungal infections (grey mold, black rot). The larvae play an important role in the spreading of the fungi too, and the female moths lay their eggs near the infected clusters. The larvae are polyphagous, but the main food plant is the grapevine (Vitis vinifera), and the recognition of grapevine volatiles is essential to this species. The male moths also response to host plant volatiles, because they can find the females easier near the food plants.
Copyright (c) 2016 Csáky Júlia, Marczali Zsolt, Takács András Péter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Az amerikai lepkekabóca (Metcalfa pruinosa Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) tápnövényei, kártétele és a védekezés lehetőségei
Citrus flatid planthopper, a native insect to North America had for a long time a scarce economic importance there. However, being polyphagous made little damage on citrus trees and some ornamentals. In 1979, it was introduced to Italy where it established and spread quickly. It is now an invasive alien species continually spreading in South and Central Europe causing considerable damage in fruit crops and various ornamentals. Present study shows the results of a series of observations carried out from 2011 to 2015 at a number of habitats in north of Hungary. The pest could be found at each habitat but the hedge, the tree row, the gardens and the orchard/vineyard were the most infested. Frequency and population density of M. pruinosa were considerable on Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, Fabaceae, Juglandaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Sapindaceae. Feral plants - some of them also invasive alien species – were found at each habitat. Plant species native to America were among them the most populated. As the hedgerows were neglected, and most gardens, orchards and vineyards abandoned, these are excellent conditions for the quick and long-lasting establishment of the pest as well as they may be reservoirs to infest cultivated fruit crops and ornamentals. On the surveyed alfalfa and maize fields, accidentally very few nymphs and adults were observed. Although, the population density of M. pruinosa was considerable on many hostplants, economic damage or yield losses could not be detected. Economic or significant damage was observed only on roses, raspberries and stinging nettle. This later is cultivated in Germany and Finland. On common boxwood, M. pruinosa caused with the box tree moth severe damage. The applied horticultural oil was efficient.
Copyright (c) 2016 Bozsik András https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Növényvédelmi védekezés hatása a hidrokultúrában termesztett fejes salátára (Lactuca sativa convar. capitata L.)
In our research study the hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa convar. capitata L.) in glasshouse culture and plant protection contra cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The species of lettuces are grown in extraordinary wide variety, nowadays they become from a seasonal vegetable into an all-year grown food. Modern technologies, by using hydroponic lettuce growing, permit continuous cultivation of lettuce for 12 months every year. The average consumption of the plant increased during the previous decade because it can be inserted into modern healthy nourishment. In our research used an Actara 240 SC (tiametoxam) pesticide. The nutrients were applied in the following methods and quantities in 2015: untreated (control), 50 -, 100 -, 150 -, 200 - and 250 mg/l Mg fertilizer. The treatments were carried out with 4 repetitions in randomized block design. The biometric evaluations were calculation with variance analysis. Our results observations that plant protections were successfully contra Helicoverpa armigera.
Copyright (c) 2016 Vojnich Viktor József, Novák Dávid István, Palkovics András és Hüvely Attila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Az őszi búza aszkohítás levélfoltosság szerepe a levélfoltosság szindrómában és a védekezés lehetőségei
Unusual symptoms of winter wheats has been observed in Veszprém-Gyulafirátót areas in November 2012. Infected plants growed slowly and produced browning leaf symptoms, then the leaves whitherd. In order to detect the pathogen symptom bearing leaves were collected. After microscopical studies Acochyta sp. was identified. Picnidia were observed in the autumn samples, and in the spring period additional infections were detected. In 2014 fungicide trials were carried out against the leaf spot pathogens. The leaf spot disease occurred in the spring even in the treated plots, and the Ascochyta as causal agent was also detected.
Copyright (c) 2016 Horváth Eszter, Varga Zsolt, Takács András Péter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cukorrépafajták rezisztenciavizsgálata a késői gyökérrothadással (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) szemben szabadföldi provokációs kísérletekben, 2014-2015
The resistance / susceptibility of 16 sugar beet genotypes was assessed to the late root rot pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2) in field provocation trials in 2014 and 2015. The behaviour of varieties was evaluated on the basis of two main disease-types (wilt and early dying, severity of root rot on the surviving plants). Of the genotypes tested 12 proved to be resistant, one standard variety (Predator) performed as an intermediate-type and 3 indicated susceptibility of different level. Applying the inoculation method described in this paper the resistance of sugar beet genotypes to Rhizoctonia root rot can be tested in a reliable and wellreproducible way.
testing for resistance of sugar beet varieties
Copyright (c) 2016 Gergely László, Potyondi László, Kimmel János, Horpácsi-Zsulya Ágnes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A szőlő feketerothadás kórokozó áttelelésének megfigyelései és a fungicides védekezés lehetőségei
It can be safely claimed that the main result of my laboratory tests, is that the survivor formula remains infectious for several years, and the conidia also plays a role in the primary infection. We think probable that during the overwintering period static formulas can be observed in the fruiting body. We think this may be the overwintering formula. In spring the fungus creates its sexual and asexual sopre-forming during the transformation of these formulas. Further more comprehensive research is needed, which are scheduled earlier, for determining the role of the microconidial (andromoph) forms in the overwintering. The pesticide experiments can be regarded only as initial attemts, the collection of information/data must be continued. It can be safely claimed that the main result of the experiment is that Dynali, which has been recently approved by the new EU directives, proves an excellent antidote against the disease. (Dynali got the permission against the black rot of grapes, although in Hungary there were not any Hungarian experiment results available only data from other EU countries.) Compared to other products its efficiency was outstanding in both years.
Copyright (c) 2016 Nagy Márton, Kövics György, Schmidt Ágnes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Az évjáratok hatása a faszöveti betegségek tüneteinek jelentkezésére, különböző szőlőfajtákon
Trunk diseases of grapevine cause significant economic losses worldwide. The effect of vintages (2013–2015) on disease symptom prevalence was studied on three cultivars (Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot and Cirfandli) in the Institute for Viticulture and Enology, University of Pécs. The highest disease symptom rate was monitored in the humid year, 2014. In 2015 the chronic, whole stock symptoms were dominant. In 2015, 40 percent of symptomatic cv. Cabernet sauvignon and cv. Cirfandli stocks showed symptoms already in the former year. Based on our results the vintage dependence of disease symptoms can vary from cultivar to cultivar.
Copyright (c) 2016 Jakab Mariann, Werner János, Csikász-Krizsics Anna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Magyarországon megjelenő új szőlő vírusok azonosítása kis RNS-ek szekvenálásán alapuló metagenomikai módszerekkel
Among several grapevine infecting pathogens there are more than 60 viruses and viroids. Lifespan of grapevine plantations are greatly influenced by their possible infection with viruses and viroids. In our work instead of traditional virus diagnostics methods we used a basically new strategy to detect virus infection in grapevine: next generation sequencing of virus derived small RNAs. We used this technique to determine the presence of these pathogens in grapevine plantations from distant part of the country. During our survey we detected widespread distribution of two viruses, never described in our country before: Grapevine Pinot gris virus and Grapevine Syrah virus1. Their presence was validated by RT-PCR and traditional Sanger sequencing.
Copyright (c) 2016 Czotter Nikoletta, Molnár János, Deák Tamás, Tusnády E. Gábor, Kocsis László, Burgyán József, Várallyay Éva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Virológiai vizsgálatok a dél-alföldi régióban termesztett paprika fajtákon. A dohány enyhe zöld mozaik vírus (Tobacco mild green mosaic virus, TMGMV) molekuláris azonosítása
In the spring of 2015 mild mosaic symptoms were observed on the leaf of "Hó F1" and „Nirvin F1”cultivars in the main pepper growing region of South-East Hungary. The symptoms on the fruits were more obvious, characterized by reduction in size, mottling and color changes, brown necrotic streaks and spots. In order to identify the pathogen symptomatic fruit samples were collected and carried to the lab. The reactions on Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, N. tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc, Nicotiana benthamiana, Capsicum annuum cv. Albaregia (L+), Capsicum annuum cv. Fehérözön (L1) and Capsicum annuum cv. Brendon F1 (L3) indicated the presence of tobamovirus isolates belonging into pathotype 0 and/or 3. From the original pepper fruit total RNA was extracted and conventional RT-PCR method was used to amplify the coat protein gene. Products of the expected size (700 bp) were obtained and cloned into p-GEM TEasy Vector (Promega, USA) and sequenced. According to the sequence data tobamovirus isolates from Nirvin F1 samples showed highest identity with Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and belonged to the pathotype 3 (TMV-1,2,3), infecting the pepper varieties containig the L3 resistance gene. Tobamovirus isolates from „Hó F1” cultivar were member of pathotype 0 (TMV-0) group and blast analysis of sequnces showed the highest identity with a Spanish isolate (P04/17, Accession No. FN594859) of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) (99%). The sequence of one isolate was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KT374283). To our knowledge, this is the first proven data of TMGMV isolated from pepper in Hungary.
Copyright (c) 2016 Nemes Katalin, Csilléry Gábor, Almási Asztéria, Salánki Katalin, Tóbiás István https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Effect of carbon sequestration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) varieties on soil organic matter
Soil fertility is often related to soil organic matter (SOM) in general. Various crop species and varieties, as well as plant nutrition applications may have an impact on the amount of soil organic matter. In a series of small plot field experiments run at the Nagygombos experimental site of the Szent István University, Hungary, the most characteristic agronomic impacts (biological bases, plant nutrition and crop year effects) influencing the efficiency of carbon sequestration of wheat Triticum aestivum L. has been studied. The aim of the research was to observe, identify and quantify agronomic impacts and their interactions that may have an influence on organic matter formation and so on carbon sequestration. The present paper provides information concerning the results of the trial. Crop variety and plant nutrition proved to be powerful factors influencing organic matter production. Interactions have been found between crop plant genotypes and N levels applied. Wheat straw by-products represent a considerable source for soil organic carbon.
Copyright (c) 2016 Kassai Mária Katalin, Tarnawa Ákos, Nyárai Horváth Ferenc, Pósa Barnabás, Jolánkai Márton https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sárgarozsda rezisztenciagének azonosítása szegedi és külföldi búzafajtákban molekuláris markerek segítségével
Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is one of the most important diseases of wheat. Although this disease was rare in Hungary, heavy epidemics occurred here in the last three successive years. In the year of 2014, we observed 70% yield loss in the most susceptible cultivars. To effectively use yellow rust resistance genes (Yr), it is important for breeders to know the resistant genotypes in current cultivars. In this study some winter wheat cultivars (mainly in Central Europe) were investigated using molecular markers to determine the presence and absence of three important Yr genes (Yr9, Yr17 and Yr18). Among the cultivars three carried yellow rust resistance gene Yr9, four had Yr17, and Yr18 was found in five cultivars. Severity of the natural infection changed from 0% to 90% during 2014. Field scoring data demonstrated the Yr9 to be ineffective, while Yr18 provided some protection. Among entries 11 proved to be resistant, and all four cultivars carrying Yr17 belonged to this group. Therefore, the rest of resistant cultivars might have other effective Yr genes. As more than fifty percent of cultivars investigated proved to be susceptible to yellow rust there is a need to introduce new, effective Yr genes into new wheat cultivars. The use of molecular markers is a convenient approach to identify effective yellow rust resistance genes in cultivars, and marker assisted selection can be efficiently applied to develop resistant wheat cultivars.
Copyright (c) 2016 Kapás Mariann, Csősz Lászlóné, Tar Melinda, Purnhauser László https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
A növényi védekezőképesség fokozása egy természetes eredetű vegyülettel
Maize, due to its tropical origin, is sensitive to cold temperatures. Chilling stress can damage metabolic processes and limit the productivity. Naturally occurring compounds are able to increase the tolerance against cold and other stresses. Such important stress protective compounds are S-methylmethionine (SMM) and salicylic acid (SA). We combined the active agents in 1:1 ratio, hoping the new compound; the S-methylmethionine-salicylate (MMS) is even more effective. We examined the protective effect of MMS in cold-stressed maize. We detected the changes at multiple levels: at physiological level we monitored the PSII functionality and activity of antioxidant enzymes; at the level of gene expression we followed the changes in gene expression of the enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway; at metabolic level we measured the amount of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins.
Copyright (c) 2016 Oláh Csilla, Rácz Ilona, Rudnóy Szabolcs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Növényi szervek felületi fertőtlenítése stabil klór-dioxid oldattal: Új lehetőség az obligát biotróf növényparazita gombák in vitro kultúráinak létesítésére
Surface disinfection procedure is the first critical step to establish sterile in vitro culture of plants. To make this task more complicated, sometimes we need to develop co-cultures of some plants and pathogens. The most common procedure is using oxidizing compounds (e.g. hypochlorites), which are effective disinfectants, so explants are able to regenerate into sterile plants. These treatments destroy fungal elements on the plant surface but infiltration of disinfectant along the haustoria can damage the mesophyll cells too. In 2011, a new disinfectant product became available with a new mechanism of action. Its active ingredient is extremely clean, stabil chlorine dioxide. The sensitivity of organisms to this substance varies greatly and is strongly dependent on the cell size. Chlorine dioxide was expected to eliminate contaminating bacteria without destroying fungal structures on plant surfaces, and, thus, providing clean co-cultures of the host plant and a parasitic obligate biotrophic fungus inside the plant tissues.The disinfecting effectiveness data of chlorine dioxide showed that its performance was comparable to the disinfection efficacy of calcium hypochlorite, although in some cases (e.g. seeds with scabrous surface) it lagged somewhat behind. The gentle effect of the product was proved by the facts that all three plant species infected with obligate biotrophic parasites survived disinfection treatment with chlorine dioxide and viable in vitro cultures have been established, albeit with different efficiencies. The conclusion is that disinfection with chlorine dioxide enables us to investigate biochemical or molecular genetic parameters of obligate plant parasites without the risk of contaminations deriving from genetic elements, enzymes or secondary metabolites of other unwanted microorganisms.
Copyright (c) 2016 Tóth Endre Kristóf, Kiss Levente https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Glifozát hatóanyagú (Glialka Star) gyomirtó szer és a réz-szulfát egyedi és együttes méreghatásának teratológiai vizsgálata csirkeembriókban
The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxic effects of Glialka Star herbicide (glyphosate 360 g/l) and copper sulphate on the development of chicken embryos. The chicken eggs were dipped in the solution or emulsion of the test materials for 30 minutes on the first day of incubation. The applied concentration of copper sulphate was 0.01% and of herbicide Glialka Star was 2%. The chicken embryos were examined on day 19 by the followings: rate of embryo mortality, body mass, type of developmental anomalies by macroscopic examination. The body mass was evaluated statistically by the one-way ANOVA, the embryo mortality and the developmental anomalies was analysed by Fisher test. Our teratogenicity study revealed that, the individual toxic effect of copper sulphate and glyphosate containing herbicide formulation (Glialka Star) were embryotoxic but not teratogenic in chicken. The combined administration of Glialka Star and copper sulphate did not increase the embryotoxic effect.
Copyright (c) 2017 Budai Péter, Kormos Éva, Szemerédy Géza, Somody Gergő, Szabó Rita, Farkas Vivien, Lehel József https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/