Acta scientiarum socialium : historia, philosophia, sociologia = Társadalomtudományi tanulmányok ISSN 1418-7191 (Nyomtatott) A folyóirat humán és társadalomtudományok, elsősorban a történelemtudomány, a neveléstudomány és a gazdaságtudományok területéről jelentet meg tematikus számokat. Alapítva 1998-ban a Kaposvári Egyetem jogelőd intézményében a Pannon Agrártudományi Egyetem Kaposvári Kar Társadalomtudományi Tanszékén.
Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem Kaposvári Campus, felelős kiadó: Vörös Péter
The Counting-out Rhyme is an Important Thing in Life
If we do not prefer to be isolated and act in roles not chosen by ourselves in the world outside games, neither shall we inside. This is exactly why counting-out rhymes were created. They clearly state who is to take the unpleasant role in the game, who is ‘IT’. No longer do they decide who should live or die like their ancestor, the decimation, but, similarly, they leave the decision to fate. Structurally, a counting rhyme is a bridge to the game, functionally, it is a problem-solving device. A part of the game scenario, which will disappear when the actual game starts. This study was written with the goal to analyse what is behind the counting rhyme. Is there anything behind it at all? Half a minute long mechanical activity or human relationship? Is it a mere declaration, a role assignment or a social event? Do its structure and thematic need understanding? Is its rhythm a form of gesticulation or control? Is its linguistic content only a pile of raw material or a string of transubstantiated words? A counting rhyme is not elevated, or a liar, or beautiful, or ugly, neither is it a moral guide. Sometimes it is not longer than two lines, but, like the greatest literary works, it is a form of text and activity which has dramaturgy, tension, humour. Sometimes it is unspeakably nonsensical, but ready to be used for a preschool child as the language of their archaic self-identity.
Copyright (c) 2023 Vörös Klára Ilona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Lázár Ervin A kék meg a sárga című meséjének dramatizált feldolgozása óvodai környezetben
In the first part of the paper, some activity models implemented in university courses will be presented, in which the students are introduced, during the dramatization of fairy tales in the framework of joint creative work, to a variety of performance techniques, playing and experimenting with the learned theater effect elements. One of the aims of these courses is to help the students become familiar with fairy tale dramatization forms and fairy tale types that are suitable for integrating educational areas particularly important from the point of view of the development of children growing up in disadvantaged environments (e.g. story content to overcome language disadvantages and incomplete social competences). In the second part of the paper, four types of dramatization models of a particular fairy tale (A kék meg a sárga [The Blue and the Yellow] by Hungarian author Ervin Lázár) will be presented. The practical experiences, reflections, and professional lessons to be learned from the kindergarten implementation of the drafts for the models will be presented, focusing, in addition to the artistic experience, on how the realized adaptations of Ervin Lázár's fairy tale serve the development of emotional and cognitive competences, the overcoming of learning disadvantages arising from disadvantaged situations, and the community integration of the children concerned.
Copyright (c) 2023 Horváth Júlia, N. Mandl Erika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
As Ray Bradbury noted in a 1964 interview, the issue of race had already been articulated in cheap magazines of science fiction (SF) literature when this subject matter appeared in mainstream printed and electronic media. The representation of marginalized or disadvantaged communities have had increasing coverage in both British/American popular culture and scholarship including academic literature on SF since the second half of the 1960s. Questions such as to what extent and by what means the living conditions, adversities, worldviews etc. of such communities are represented in SF narratives as well as the role that individuals identifying themselves as community members play in the production/consumption/reception of SF have been investigated by practitioners of quantitative and qualitative research. Nevertheless, I know of no studies that address the representation of the Roma in contemporary Hungarian SF literature. The present paper aims to accomplish the following: (1) to describe the main features of contemporary Hungarian SF short fiction; (2) to give an outline of those “semiotic” means by which Roma characters in the short stories under scrutiny are identified; (3) to characterize the particular forms of Roma representation—from “social mobility” through “invisibility” to “genocide”—that are present in the narratives in question. The texts used for the analysis are the relevant works selected from those submitted, between 2014 and 2018, as candidates for the Péter Zsoldos Award, a national annual prize awarded for the best (published) Hungarian SF novel and short story.
Copyright (c) 2023 Domokos Áron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Brit cigány és traveller mesék és felhasználásuk a nyelvoktatásban
Integrating authentic folk tales into the curriculum has long been a popular method in language teaching. The motivational power, vocabulary, and context of folk tales contribute to the process of natural language acquisition already in the early phase of language learning – even if we only use traditional oral storytelling as a tool, or else if the stories are processed and dramatized by the students, perhaps if we develop “ready-to-use” curriculum from its rich linguistic content. The cultural content of fairy tales is useful spiritual food for all ages and is the basic element of a holistic approach. The essay summarizes the position of the literature on the possibilities of using folk tales in foreign language learning, looks into the history of the British Traveller and Roma communities, their relationship to storytelling, and the typology of folk tales. We randomly selected a few stories from famous British folklorists’ collections to see if they can be used in language classes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Csizmadia Gábor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Megtartó hagyomány vagy a kirekesztés eszköze?
Gypsies, Roma and Travelers are often classified under the term “Roma” in Europe and under the acronym “GRT” in Great Britain. These communities and other nomadic groups, such as Scottish and English travellers, the so-called “show people” (traveling entertainers) and new travellers share many common characteristics: the importance of family and/or social networks; nomadic lifestyles, propensity for self-employment, disadvantage and the worst health outcomes in the UK. Irish Travellers are traditionally a nomadic people group in Ireland, but have a distinct identity, heritage and culture from mainstream society. The presence of Irish travellers can be traced back to 12th century Ireland. The community has been recognized as an ethnic minority in Ireland. They are not related to the Roma either in origin or in their history, but the similarity of their way of life is often a basis for the “conflation” of the two groups, and their mostly identical discrimination. Travelers provide a particularly interesting surface for examination because they do not differ markedly from the Irish majority population in appearance, so they could easily blend in to make it easier to assert themselves. However, the traditions that ensure community cohesion and identity at the same time prevent assimilation. The paper is about such a tradition that simultaneously provides identity and causes exclusion: women’s hairstyle.
Copyright (c) 2023 Belovári Anita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nándor Birher – Péter Bertalan: Hálózatokban (In Networks)
Copyright (c) 2014 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Birher Nándor – Bertalan Péter: Hálózatokban
Szente-Varga Mónika: A 2012-es mexikói választások
Karikó Sándor, Szécsi Gábor Áron (szerk.): Válság és kommunikáció
The Knights of Saint John in the Arpad era in Hungary. The medieval knights order of Saint John of Jerusalem developed from the “Fraternitas Hospitaliaria”. They were also known as the “Knights Hospitaller.” The order was founded in Jerusalem ca. 1050 as an Amalfitan hospital. Its aim was to provide care for poor and sick pilgrims in the Holy Land. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, it became a military order under its own charter. Following the loss of Holy Land territories held by Christians, the Order resettled in Rhodes and later in Malta, over which it gained sovereignity. The Knights Hospitaller appeared in Hungary during the Second Crusade, when King Louis VII of France marched across the country with Hospitallers in his army. King Géza II of Hungary persuaded them, with donations, to remain. The study describes the activities of the Hungarian Knights Hospitaller in the Arpad era, focusing on the locus credibilis authenticus as special legal institution.
Church and state security. In the wake of the change of regime in Hungary a number of memoirs were born. Most of them reports about calumniated priests suffering in the prisons of the dictatorship. What increases their value is that they constitute the subjective dimension of recent history, which makes a persuasive impression on the reader, as the eyewitnesses of the events confess about the history they experienced. However, the genre of memoirs has their own limits from the point of view of history. The emotions of the individuals can distort the events and can put the matter in a specific light. The perspective of evaluative logic is missing from the consequences drawn. Those who remember can only see, and let seem, the church policy of dictatorships through the lens of their own sufferings, showing only one side of reality. If we look at the efforts of recent past from above, it turns out that the picture drawn of the church policy of the Kádár era is as dark as the picture drawn of the church policy of the Rákosi era. Is this consequence true? If so, what can be the explanation for that?
Identity and self-evolution. This paper is focusing on the definition of an essential principium – personal identity – as it is constructed in Harris’s interpretation of the problem of human enhancement. It is examining Harris’s line of thought as the grammatical application, and the context of the notion identity unfolds, however, draw up some brief reflections on the viewpoints of others involved in the philosophical debate. The analysis denotes the most important deficiencies of the concept of identity by Harris, furthermore reveals the inconsistencies of the argumentation regarding the enhancing evolution in the context of the plural democracy. To conclude, Harris’s alternative to solve the hard moral problem of human enhancement does not provide us any real option, although, his concept of liberty, unreal foundation, and radical use of traditional ideas are rather original.
A fenntartható termelési innováció, avagy: mire tanít minket az Apple?
A termelési innovációra építő vállalatoknak rugalmas gyártási modellre van szükségük ahhoz, hogy a naponta megváltozó fogyasztói igényeket le tudják fedni. Mindezt az Apple is felismerte, és maga körül olyan ökoszisztémát alakított ki, amely működtetésével egyrészt meg tudta őrizni innovációs képességét, másrészt termékeinek előállítási költségeit folyamatosan alacsonyan tudta tartani, amivel napjaink legjövedelmezőbb technológiai vállalatává vált. A dolgozat szól az ötlettől a piacig vezető útról, felhívja a figyelmet az innovációs stratégia nélkülözhetetlenségére, bemutatja a gyártási folyamat és a megújulási képesség kapcsolatát és vázolja az ellátási lánc hatékony szervezésének legfontosabb szabályait. Mindezt az Apple – mint napjaink egyik meghatározó technológiai vállalata – példáján keresztül teszi szemléletessé, és kiemeli azokat a mozzanatokat, amelyekből a szektor többi vállalata is tanulhat.
Emberi erőforrás és vállalati teljesítmény
Vállalati teljesítményértékelés pénzügyi mutatók és a DEA felhasználásával
Evaluation of corporate performance with the help of financial indicators and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The evaluation of performance is aiming to continuously monitor efficiency and economy of the company’s operation and to provide information for corporate decisions. Benchmarking is one means of comparing corporate performance. Nowadays financial indicators are commonly used means in corporate performance analysis, but they can hardly be used as a complex tool of measurement. Adequate performance evaluation and comparability requires a method, a measuring tool, which can measure corporate performance in a complex way. A method is needed, which allows the use of both quantitative and qualitative characteristics; DEA is a method like that. DEA may complete traditional indicator analysis, especially if the goal is to get more information regarding operational and technical efficiency. Based on the analysis of the chosen corporate data, DEA is presented to be suitable for the comparison and analysis of profit-making companies’ performance. Variables included in the evaluation are selected by ‘step by step regression’. Benchmarking module of R Statistics is used during the calculations.
Hagyományos pénzügyi mutatók alkalmazásának problémái a vállalati teljesítmény mérésében
Problems of applying conventional financial indicators in corporate performance measurement. As a result of the economic crisis working capital management has come into prominence both in the source supplying and demanding sides. During the companies’ financial analyses we can commonly face the problem that the liquidity indicators show poor values, at the same time it has no appearance in the operation of the company. In another time the opposite case occurs; i.e. liquidity indicators are adequate, still the company has liquidity problems. The accurate assessment of the real situation requires such indicators and coherence, which may help decision-makers notice financing problems in time. Its realization is a complex task, because liquidity measurements need more indicators and viewpoints. The company requires a managerial and organizational structure, which provides a proper framework for the monitoring and measurement of liquidity. In order to encourage the abovementioned, such indicators and coherence are highlighted, which are able to show the company’s actual liquidity more precisely.
Civil szervezetek megítélése a munkaerőpiac tükrében
Assessment of civil organisations in the light of labour market. Employment policy has become a priority area after the change of political system in Hungary. The emergence of unemployment represents a constant problem to be solved by the state and the competitive sector. The civil sector – as the third operator – appears in solving the problem of employment. It has dual function. On the one hand they are employers, on the other hand they are intermediaries between employers and employees. In both roles their existence is of primary importance from the point of view of the disadvantaged groups in the labour market. Atypical employment is more prevalent in the civil sector. This is a popular form of employment for pensioners, disabled persons and women. As intermediaries civil organisations play an important role in preparing the disadvantaged groups for the world of work, in educating and counseling them. The aim of the study is to highlight the role and importance of civil society organisations at the labor market.
„Aki keres, az talál” – Fogyatékos emberek által betöltött munkakörök feltárása
“Those who seek will find” – The exploration of jobs occupied by people with disabilities. An essential part of useful work and fitting in the organization is to find the right scope of duties and, if it is necessary, establish or reorganize that type of work. Since the radical raise of the rehabilitation contribution sum in 2010 the attitude of several leaders have been changed although there are still employers who think that within the scope of activities of their organizations no people with disabilities can be employed. On the basis of my research experience there are certain scope of activities at every organization where people with disabilities can fill in the position at a certain expected performance so “those who seek will find”. The aim of the article is to show scope of activities filled in by people with disabilities based on the results of questionnaires, case studies and deep-interviews, and also to call attention to the fact that the people concerned are also able to do full job with reasonable efficiency if we find them the right work or with the available work-planning methods we establish the scope of activity fitting to their abilities and skills. This research was realized in the frames of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 „National Excellence Program – Elaborating and operating an inland student and researcher personal support system” The project was subsidized by the European Union and co-financed by the European Social Fund.
A humántőke fejlesztésének stratégiai kihívásai és lehetőségei
Strategic challenges and potentials of human capital development. When higher education is expected to support the growth of competitiveness and innovation, the reform of the entire scale of professional education is also required. These days have witnessed the launch of reform processes in all levels of Hungarian education, similar to the paradigm shift two centuries ago that lasted for as long as a hundred years. Today science, economy and society also requires a paradigm shift, like that at the Age of Enlightenment. However, its realization is hindered by the slow evolution of harmony between economy, the levels and institutions of education and state directorate. The global challenges and the accordingly created common European training system and the Bologna-system of higher education outline the new perspectives of human capital development. The strengthening of the new system, however, is impeded by the differences between the single sub-systems, the continuous change of educational policies, but most of all by the conceptional anomalies of expert training and human capital development in homeland sectors and branches, by the different interpretations of HDI.
Ha a hallgató vizsgáztat – elégedettségi vizsgálat a Campus Fesztivál 2013-on
If the student tests – satisfaction survey at Campus Fest 2013. The amount of young people’s free time increases significantly in summer. At this time of the year music festivals have an important role in meeting the recreational needs of this generation. In our country several thousands of festivals are organised, but only two of them focus on students in higher education as their target audience. Campus Festival has been held in our city, Debrecen, since 2008. A significant number of its visitors are higher education students. Festival visitors have filled in a questionnaire of satisfaction. Through the statistical analysis of the data provided by the questionnaire, it is possible to assess from what source the students obtain information about the festival, what entertainment forms they prefer, what the main factors determining their satisfaction with the event are, and what participation tendencies can be expected in the future. On the whole, the findings of the satisfaction survey show a positive picture of Campus Festival. The organisers reached the target audience, as most of the visitors were aged between 21 and 24, who came mainly from the region. It is interesting that the festival visitors heard about the event mostly from friends and people they know. At the same time, the role of the Internet also increased in obtaining information compared to earlier years. The interviewed people were satisfied with the information they found on the Facebook page and the website of Campus Festival. For the visitors of the festival the music programmes were the most important ones. They especially favoured rock music, but also liked pop, drum and bass, and dance music. Sports programmes took the second place among all programmes, with the theatre and cinema performances and other programmes following them closely. The fact that the large part of the visitors are planning to attend the event again next year reflects satisfaction with the festival. The survey showed clearly that the event had reached its target audience, i.e. higher education students. Besides, the number of visitors (nearly 60 thousand) confirms that every July the youth of festivals represent themselves in Debrecen, as well.
Az emberi erőforrás gazdálkodás és az adókedvezmények kapcsolata
Connections between human resource management and tax allowances. The legislation provides for the obligations and determines the options that may obtain the expected results during the operation of the organization, which are required of the management by the owners, and therefore the relationship of human resource management with the tax is unquestionable. In 2011 with the reform of the social security system the government started a process which radically changed the tax and social security obligations of the employers. The social security contribution has been replaced by the social contribution tax by which the payer can be entitled for tax benefits on various grounds. Based on the analysis - which was made by the National Bank of Hungary - the opportunities of tax relief are widely recognized by employers and the opportunities are exploited by them. We made an online survey to support that analysis and to draw conclusions. The survey with 132 filling did not constitute a representative sample. The survey approached the tax reliefs from the perspective of the employees. The survey was intended not only to get a picture from the awareness of tax reliefs, but also focused on how the respondents consider the contribution of funds to increase the level of employment. Based on the results of the research were established that these tax reliefs directly affected the employers, but of course there is a positive impact - through the promotion of the job preservation and job creation - for the employees, job seekers too. However, additional measures are needed in order to the employees know the conditions of the tax reliefs, because nearly half of the responders have not heard about the support or do not know the details.
Az agrár-mérnöktanár képzés munkaerő-piaci igényeinek felmérése a Dél-dunántúli régióban
Napjainkban lejátszódó globális gazdasági, munkaerő-piaci összetett folyamatok, átalakulások közepette egyre inkább fontos, hogy mindenki tisztában legyen a saját képesítéséhez hozzárendelt valós munkaerő-piaci értékkel, így a diplomások számára is lényeges, hogy jól tájékozódjanak a munkaerőpiacon, megismerhessék diplomájuk értékét, a leendő elhelyezkedési lehetőségeiket. A Kaposvári Egyetemen 1996 óta folyik agrár-mérnöktanár képzés. A kutatás célja, az agrár-mérnöktanár képzés megítélésének, értékének, használhatóságának kiderítése, információ, adatbázis gyűjtése az agrár-mérnöktanárok elhelyezkedéséről, munkájáról, munkakörnyezetéről és azok összefüggéseiről. Az agrár-mérnöktanárok potenciális elhelyezkedési lehetőségeit, a dél-dunántúli régió mezőgazdasági szakoktatást végző iskoláit kutattam fel és körükben végeztem el a vizsgálatokat. Elsődlegesen primer kutatásokra kívántam alapozni, melynek eszköze a kérdőíves adatfelvétel volt. A kutatás eredménye, haszna, hogy a beérkezett adatok elsődleges visszajelzést jelentenek az agrár-mérnöktanár képzésről a Kaposvári Egyetem számára, a felmért munkáltatói megítélés a képzés minőségéről megerősítheti az eddigi agrár-mérnöktanári képzési rendszert. Vizsgálat fő következtetései, hogy a legtöbb mezőgazdasági szakképzést folytató intézmény alkalmaz agrár-mérnöktanárokat, igény van az alkalmazásukra, létszámuk bővíthető. Ez a diploma piacképes, ugyanakkor a képzés pedagógiai, gyakorlati modul részét erősíteni indokolt.
A magyar közoktatás oktatási teljesítményének és finanszírozásának összehasonlítása 2000–2012 között nemzetközi szinten
International comparison of the educational performance and financing of Hungarian public education between 2000–2012. Our study focuses on one of the strategic areas of competitiveness: the performance of education and the factors influencing it. In most countries, education is an important aspect of economic and social policy making. This article seeks to answer the question whether there is a link between the level of education funding and the performance of education – and if there is, how strong this link is. Our hypothesis is that the level of education funding has a strong influence on the performance of education. One of the areas of our research is the analysis of PISA assessment results. We use the results of these competency tests to measure the effectiveness of public education in a country. The other area we look at is the level of education funding. Our article focuses on analysing – on an international level – how strong the link is between the level of education funding and PISA results. Our hypothesis can be considered proven because it can be clearly seen that in the long run, countries spending more on education have a more developed education system and usually better results on competency tests. Comparing the results of the four PISA tests between 2000 and 2009 with the level of education funding in 39 countries, we can see a fairly strong connection between these two factors. However, the increase in funding does not show a linear correlation with the increase in PISA results. Also, in European countries the link between funding and competency results appears to be weaker than in countries outside of Europe.
The role of different learning forms in adult education
Adult education builds on the basis of knowledge brought by the person entering the process. Taking this as a baseline, it is obvious that the wider the foundation of knowledge, the more efficient and cost saving the education of adults will be. In the 21st century, as in the past, the range of knowledge an adult possesses may not only be gained in the framework of a formal education program; the importance of non-formal and informal learning is growing. Increasingly, informally obtained knowledge is becoming appreciated in adult employees. At the University of Debrecen, we conducted an examination of the diverse ways of learning associated to the validation procedure applied to formally recognize the pre-existing knowledge of enrollees in the correspondent section of a Master’s course in human resource advisory. The process of validation establishes a possibility for applicant students to have acknowledgement of their non-formally obtained course or career-related knowledge and work experience, in the form of Master’s degree credits. The result of the process is the exemption from having to take defined courses, so that students may avoid repetition and focus on the more thorough acquirement of the new knowledge the Master’s course offers them. The objective of our research was to measure what role knowledge achievable in a non-formal way has in the workplace and in the motivation to learn among those students who could use this validation procedure. In the completed questionnaires filled in by all the students of the above-named course (191), we also wanted to know the costs and objectives respondents had in their education outside the school system. Our results showed that half of the respondents have informally achieved knowledge which is considered useful and that the reason for learning in this non-formal way may be related to the expectation of their employers.
Are Teachers of Primary, Secondary and High Schools of Athens Engaged in the Four Dimensions of Distributed Leadership?
Distributed leadership is defined as a distributed leadership practice “stretched over the social and situational contexts of the school” (Spillane et al., 2004). Distributed leadership is about leadership practice and not leaders or their roles, functions or routines (Spillane et al, 2004; Spillane, 2006). It is based on cooperation between the members of an educational organisation. The purpose of this study is to investigate where the teachers of all school grades are engaged in the four dimensions of Distributed Leadership. The research questions of this study were answered using the Distributed Leadership Readiness Scale (DLRS), which is a self-evaluation scale developed by the Connecticut State Department of Education (CSDE) to measure school’s readiness to distribute leadership and, therefore teachers’ engagement in leadership practices can be measured accordingly (Smith, 2007; Christy, 2008). The findings of the study revealed that distributed leadership practices are applied to Greek schools mostly in elementary and secondary schools, whereas high school teachers are not highly engaged with some of the distributed leadership dimensions.
Magyar ukróniák, ukronikus és ukróniával érintkező fikciós SF-szövegek bibliográfiája (1930–2021)
Copyright (c) 2022 Domokos Áron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A természeti létezők tipológiája Arisztotelésznél. Első rész
The first part of the paper (appearing here) examines the typology Aristotle proposes as the extension of the term “things that exist by nature” in Physics B.1 and compares it to passages containing similar typologies in the Aristotelian corpus, most importantly Metaphysics D.8, Z.2, H.1, De Caelo G.1, and Meteorology A.1. The comparative analysis shows that – even though Aristotle introduces the lists in different philosophical contexts and one can find several instances of discord between them – there is a remarkable coherence between his verbal definitions of what exactly the items are the subtypes of. Part Two (appearing in the next issue) will first show that the structuring principles behind the lists can be ordered into a series developed rather consistently according to the same blueprint. After comparing this virtual series with what we can say about the chronological order of Aristotle’s works, the paper will attempt to explain the structural coherence by analysing the interplay between Aristotle’s concepts of nature and of substance and go on to discuss, from this angle, Aristotle’s revisionist treatment of the items on the lists one by one: the elements, inanimate natural objects, living beings and their parts, celestial bodies, and the heaven. Based on the findings, at the end of the paper a cautious attempt is made at an interpretation of the Aristotelian concepts of nature and substance in terms of the sociology of knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2022 Molnár Gábor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
If history is written by the ‘victors’, are alternative account(s) of history written by ‘the defeated’? If historiography is conceived as the practice of “giving meaning to the meaningless” (Theodor Lessing), are we to assume that ‘alternative historiography’ or alternative accounts of history question the prevailing interpretation of history? Are uchronias (also known as alternative historical narratives, allohistories, parahistories, counterfactual histories and historiographic metafiction), especially ‘uchronic fiction’, in fact, only compensatory products of desire-driven thinking? As a matter of fact, it is not only the rather few contemporary Hungarian novels with alternative historical aspirations that are in an unfortunate position but contemporary Hungarian uchronic short stories as well. Of the nearly three hundred short stories submitted in 2014–2018 as candidates for the Péter Zsoldos Award, a national annual prize awarded for the best (published) Hungarian SF novel and short story in 2014–2018, there are only six uchronic pieces. It is with the help of these pieces of short fiction that I outline (1) the relationship between the philosophy of history and uchronia; (2) the (meta)taxonomies of uchronia; (3) the characteristics of those Hungarian short stories of this kind that are related to Hungary.
Németh Antal Tragédia-rendezésének utópia-képei
Németh Antal as a director reckoned the most exciting to direct dramas which were not written with a special purpose to be presented on stage. He said he had learnt the most during directing The Tragedy of Man about how the “plays of fancy” and the sphere of dreams could be set to the stage. In Németh’s experiments with different stage techniques those cases posed the biggest challenge where he had to exonerate the heavy materiality of the scenery. Such challenges were the staging of dream scenes and transcendent phenomena (e. g. ghosts) as well as the assisting of human internal discourse and struggle with different stage effects. This study attempts to reconstruct first of all the expressionist style of his directing from 1937.
Copyright (c) 2022 N. Mandl Erika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Relaxációs technikák alkalmazási lehetőségei középiskolásoknál
In these days, stress is the unfortunate concomitant of school life, concerning both teachers and students, and therefore making the education process more complicat-ed. Stress effects and their consequences such as physical and mental strain and students' behavioral problems are serious stress factors for the participants of the educational system. That is the reason why it is suggested to use such a relaxing method which helps relieving them of their stress and problems. The method presented in the lecture could quickly and easily be fitted into a school class' everyday activities. In addition, this method doesn't only help dealing with stress but plays an important role in community development and may help facilitating the learning process.
Copyright (c) 2022 József István https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0