4D Journal of Landscape Architecture and Garden Art
Journal of Landscape Architecture and Garden Art ISSN 1787-6613 (Print) ISSN 2939-886X (Online) The journal 4D is owned by the Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Garden Art at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The owner is represented by the Rector of the University. The journal 4D is owned by the Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Garden Art at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The owner is represented by the Rector of the University.
A folyóirat Open Access (Gold). Cikkeire a Creative Commons 4.0 standard licenc alábbi típusa vonatkozik: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0. Ennek értelmében a mű szabadon másolható, terjeszthető, bemutatható és előadható, azonban nem használható fel kereskedelmi célokra (NC), továbbá nem módosítható és nem készíthető belőle átdolgozás, származékos mű (ND). A licenc alapján a szerző vagy a jogosult által meghatározott módon fel kell tüntetni a szerző nevét és a szerzői mű címét (BY).
Sculpture parks (SPs) represent emblematic landscape architectural compositions, where site, culture, art and public interest converge. Internationally celebrated ones such as Storm King Art Centre (USA), Yorkshire Sculpture Park (UK), and the Louisiana Museum Sculpture Garden in Denmark exemplify how curatorial planning, ecological integration, and visitor infrastructures meet to comprise coherent and widely renowned cultural destinations. Central and Eastern European SPs, on the contrary, evolved against the backdrop of socialist urban and industrial landscapes, wherein artistic creation responded to ideological dispositions and infrastructural imperatives, raising questions with respect to their place within the international canon of sculpture parks. This study examines the Dunaújváros SP in Hungary as a case of post socialist landscape heritage with international benchmarks via an evaluative framework. The park originated in the 1970s through the initiatives of local steelworkers and artists, gradually getting more complex in the upcoming decades, by placing a few artefacts each year on the steep slope of the Danube bank. A qualitative field survey was conducted with master's students via the implementation of site observation, photographic monitoring, and spatial analysis. The analysis applies six analytical criteria: Surface Topography and Spatial Form; Naturalness and Vegetation Design; Maintenance, care, and level of disruption; Complexity and multiplicity, Coherence and integration; Degree of imagery. The study reveals that the park integrates unique cultural and environmental resources born of riverbank stabilisation programs, arboretum-inspired plantings, and the Steel Sculpture Creative Workshop, each integral to postsocialist tastes, thereby setting itself apart from its Western equivalents. Still, deficiencies in curatorial cohesion, upkeep, and visitor accessibility prevent its categorisation as a mature International grade SP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Benkaid Kasbah, Seloua, Eplényi Anna, Hargita Lejla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in Historic BotanicGardens
As discussions around climate change intensify and as a response to the biodiversity crisis, botanic gardens have shown their fundamental role in the active conservation of biodiversity. Being a living collection of native and exotic plant species, botanic gardens are subject to potential threats from climate change. This paper investigates and analyses the climate change mitigation and adaptation solutions implemented by two leading botanic gardens: Kew Gardens and the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria in Melbourne. The study first identifies the major challenges that botanic gardens face in the shadow of climate change and its potential risks. Second, it explores and highlights the applied sustainable solutions in the two case studies, aiming to enhance the ecosystem's resilience and foster biodiversity. Lastly, the research presents the potential results of the applied strategies on the ecological and managemental aspects of the gardens. Furthermore, the findings of this study emphasise the relevance of these conservation strategies in shaping future conservation initiatives extending beyond botanic gardens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lahmar, Chaima, M. Szilágyi Kinga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Changes in the role of the landscape in Károly Patkó’s paintings
Representational painting does not renounce the reference systems of the visible world, but applies them in accordance with the expectations and technical possibilities of a given era for the sake of artistic expression. Landscape motifs and painterly abstraction are in harmony with the visual and structural role of the elements, as well as with the personality of the artist. These are inseparable in the case of a significant artist. Landscape painting has included numerous stylistic and thematic possibilities throughout the history of painting, and that remains true today. In modern painting, changes accelerated from the end of the 19th century, which also influenced Hungarian painters. A segment of these changes, spanning roughly a decade, can be traced in the oeuvre of Károly Patkó, one of the outstanding figures of 20th-century modern Hungarian painting. In Patkó’s painting, the representation of landscape can be divided into three roles in terms of content, which show marked differences in both spatial formation and technique, but which follow organically from one another in chronological order in his oeuvre. Along with the changing roles, the drawing solutions and colour harmony systems of the paintings also differ. All of these are accompanied by technical changes, which have an impact on both style and content. Influenced by his several-year-long stay in Italy, Patkó switched from classical oil painting to tempera painting. The combined result is a relaxed tone and monumental space and landscape representation, which can be considered unique in modern Hungarian art.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kecskés András https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Traditional Garden Culture in Fülöpszállás
Our peasant gardens are a unique element in Hungarian culture. The garden carries an imprint of traditions passed down through generations, preserving the values of the past while reflecting the challenges and general attitude of the present. The study of our traditional gardening culture and the exploration of characteristic plant species can contribute to the conscious expansion of the designer’s toolkit and the range of plants used in landscape architecture, both from a heritage conservation and an ecological perspective. In our study, we explore the culture of traditional gardens and flowers in Fülöpszállás, located in the ecologically sensitive Homokhátság region. The aim of the survey is to gain an insight into the garden culture of the village, with a particular focus on the use of plants in traditional gardens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Benkő Anna Ágnes, Gecséné Tar Imola, Szabó Krisztina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Place and Role of Equestrian Sports in the Life of Hungarian Manors
The role of sports and the related facilities at manors has received little attention in garden history research, even though we know that spaces and garden elements designed for physical exercise existed in the courtyards of the upper classes as far back as antiquity. Our preliminary research (Blanka Bölkei (2024) Sportélet a 19-20. századi magyar kastélykertekben [Thesis] Supervisor: Albert Fekete PhD, DLA) <!-- [if supportFields]>vnd.oasis.opendocument.field.UNHANDLED<![endif]-->(Bölkei Blanka (2024) Sportélet a 19-20. századi kastélykertekben [Szakdolgozat] Konzulens: dr. Fekete Albert)<!-- [if supportFields]><![endif]--> proved that from the early 19th century until World War II, the vast majority of Hungarian manors featured various sports activities and facilities, among which equestrian sports proved to be the most diverse and popular. The aim of this research is to explore the connections between various equestrian sports and the aristocratic lifestyle, and to analyse the functional and spatial role of equestrian facilities in the development of manor gardens. The study is based on various written records (e.g. letters, travel reports, manor descriptions, articles of contemporary magazines), visual sources (maps, photos, plans) and material artefacts garden elements preserved on site), supplemented by data from specialist articles, monographs, monument conservation documents, etc. published on the subject. Over the course of research, numerous domestic and a few foreign sites were visited, during which the material was expanded based on personal experiences and conversations with the current owners, managers or tenants of the manors in question, as well as with descendants of the owner families. The results of the analysis show that equestrian sports did indeed have a significant impact on the everyday life of the nobility and thus on the design of the surroundings of their residences. On the one hand, it supported the physical well-being of the nobility, and on the other hand, it was a symbol of economic, moral and cultural power, often serving as a diplomatic tool, reinforcing the leading social position of the estate owners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bölkei Blanka, Fekete Albert https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This article presents the thesis abstracts of Banics Laura, Béres Krisztián, Bóta Dorottya, Fazekas Mihály Imre, Ferenczi Réka, Gaál Máté Benedek, Hantos Ádám, Ilcsik Mandula, Sike Bonifác Benedek, Sztabina Vivien, Tripo Abigél, and Völgyi Bernadett—students of the Master’s programme in Urban Systems Engineering—who successfully defended their theses in 2024 at the Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Garden Art, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE).
Copyright (c) 2025 Banics Laura, Béres Krisztián, Bóta Dorottya, Fazekas Mihály Imre, Ferenczi Réka, Gaál Máté Benedek, Hantos Ádám, Ilcsik Mandula, Sike Bonifác Benedek, Sztabina Vivien, Tripo Abigél, Völgyi Bernadett https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This article presents the thesis abstracts of Bánszky Botond, Eszlári Gábor Tamás, Fejér Napsugár Anna, Jávor Ádám, Keller Réka, Klenczner Tamás Áron, Koncz Bianka Amaril, Kuna Máté, Limbach Noémi Anna, Lipcsei Dániel, Pellet Dávid Philippe, Pizmány Marcell Dávid, Sebők Gergő, Stummer Gergő, Szatmáry Anna Flóra, Veres Márta, Viszoki Blanka and Wagner Jakab Rudolf — students of the Master’s programme in Landscape Architecture — who successfully defended their theses in 2024 at the Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Garden Art, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE).
Copyright (c) 2025 Bánszky Botond, Eszlári Gábor Tamás, Fejér Napsugár Anna, Jávor Ádám, Keller Réka, Klenczner Tamás Áron, Koncz Bianka Amaril, Kuna Máté, Limbach Noémi Anna, Lipcsei Dániel, Pellet Dávid Philippe, Pizmány Marcell Dávid, Sebők Gergő, Stummer Gergő, Szatmáry Anna Flóra, Veres Márta, Viszoki Blanka , Wagner Jakab Rudolf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Landscape Architecture and Garden Design (MA)
This article presents the thesis abstracts of Anninger Anna Ágnes, Ben Youssef Firas, Bolyki Fanni, Coronel Poma Maria Soledad, Dani Eszter, Esmailie Mona, Ébner Dorottya, Feng Yuan, Fogarasi Dóra, Foltin Fanni, Galács Gergely, Holicza Fanni Zita, Jia Ting, Jie Shi, Karácsony Lenke, Kócsó Katalin, Lamari Siwar, Li Sen, Luo Feiyang, Sajben Angelika Panna, Silva Uyarte Ricardo Alberto, Tüske Ábris, Vig Virág, Wu Meng, Yue Xinyan, Zhang Mengmeng and Zhang Qian—students of the Master’s programme in Landscape Architecture and Garden Design—who successfully defended their theses in 2024 at the Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Garden Art, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE).
Copyright (c) 2025 Anninger Anna Ágnes, Ben Youssef Firas, Bolyki Fanni, Coronel Poma Maria Soledad, Dani Eszter, Esmailie Mona, Ébner Dorottya, Feng Yuan, Fogarasi Dóra, Foltin Fanni, Galács Gergely, Holicza Fanni Zita, Jia Ting, Jie Shi, Karácsony Lenke, Kócsó Katalin, Lamari Siwar, Li Sen, Luo Feiyang, Sajben Angelika Panna, Silva Uyarte Ricardo Alberto, Tüske Ábris, Vig Virág, Wu Meng, Yue Xinyan, Zhang Mengmeng , Zhang Qian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Most már nehéz letagadni, hogy éghajlatunk rohamos ütemben alakul át. Magyarországon a nyári időszakban lassan elviselhetetlenné válik a lét városi tereinken. Mi lehet ebből a kiút? Tudunk-e időben, gyorsan reagálni mi, emberek, a saját magunk alkotta negatív környezeti kihívásokra? A hallgatók, amikor diplomatémát választanak, igyekeznek a számukra legaktuálisabb és a nagyközönség számára legérdekesebb témákat felvetni. Vajon mik lehetnek a jövő zöld megoldásai? Mi a jövője városainknak, tájainknak, városi tájainknak? A diplomaszámban megjelenő hallgatói tervek jórésze a klímaadaptációt és a zöldfelületek intenzitásának növelését, a biodiverzitás serkentését tartják a megoldásnak, de vannak, akik társadalmi kérdések megoldásában vagy technikai innovációban gondolkoznak. A tervek és álmok alkotta paletta diverz. Mégis, mik azok a sarokpontok, amelyekben hallgatóink szerint a megoldás rejlik? A diplomaszámban megjelenő hallgatói tervek jórésze a klímaadaptációt és a zöldfelületek intenzitásának növelését, a biodiverzitás serkentését tartják a megoldásnak, de vannak, akik társadalmi kérdések megoldásában vagy technikai innovációban gondolkoznak. A tervek és álmok alkotta paletta diverz. Mégis, mik azok a sarokpontok, amelyekben hallgatóink szerint a megoldás rejlik?
Copyright (c) 2025 Szövényi Anna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The role of Tállya’s andesite quarry in the landscape and landscape pattern
The country's most significant active andesite quarry is located within a World Heritage site and designated as a historic landscape, which is also very important for tourism. A landscape pattern analysis and visual assessment were conducted before the recently completed landscape rehabilitation of the waste rock dumps surrounding the quarry. This study presents the research that formed the basis for planning and highlights the need for historical landscape investigations and visual analysis. We developed a unique, empirical method for conducting the visual analysis of waste rock dumps, though the methodology description is not part of this study. The paper also illustrates the importance of rehabilitating areas damaged by mining activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Módosné Bugyi Ildikó, Csima Péter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The role of excess surface water in shaping landscape character
An increasingly important mission nowadays is to conserve water resources and implement water retention measures, as also set out in the nature restoration regulation adopted by the European Union. Approximately one third of Hungary's territory was periodically or regularly waterlogged before river regulation. As a result of the flood management works of the 18th and 19th centuries, the process of drying out and the phenomenon of excess surface water flooding began. Today, this affects about 60% of the country's cultivated flatland, to a greater or lesser extent. Excess surface water may occur periodically within a given area and plays a major ecological role, with a significant impact on the landscape. The main objective of our research is to identify and analyse the role of areas exposed to excess surface water inundation in shaping landscape character with a value-based approach. Using geospatial methods, we compared the database of landscape character areas in Hungarian national landscape character research with the excess surface water areas dataset, and separately analysed the correlations between the two categories according to the frequency of excess surface water inundation. To confirm these results, we also analysed the overlap between the areas exposed to excess surface water inundation and landscape scenery protection areas. Our results show that the role of areas exposed to excess surface water inundation in influencing landscape character and shaping the landscape is decisive and can be supported by figures. Excess surface water increases landscape diversity, especially in homogeneous agricultural landscapes, and also helps enhance biodiversity. Our analyses grouped landscape character types according to their degree of hydrological influence, thus we distinguished how water-dominant or water-influenced landscape character areas or landscape character areas not influenced by water relate to areas exposed to excess surface water inundation. The results show that more than a fifth (21.36%) of the areas exposed to excess surface water were classified as either water-dominant or water-influenced landscape character areas. Consequently, excess surface water played a role in the classification of landscape character types, without being an indicator for landscape character area designation. In terms of the typical landscape character classification of areas exposed to excess surface water inundation, it can be concluded that it is mainly found in higher proportions in homogeneous agriculture-dominant landscapes defined by arable land and grassland. As excess surface water is mainly a water resource that periodically forms at local level, its landscape-level impacts are less pronounced, but its role in shaping the landscape and landscape character of these areas on a regional scale cannot be ignored.
Copyright (c) 2025 Varga Dalma Erzsébet, Módosné Bugyi Ildikó, Bíró Tibor, Hubayné Horváth Nóra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Budafok-Downtown is the administrative Central of Budapest, District XXII. The district is the South-Western gate of Budapest and enjoys a major role in the relationships among settlements in the agglomeration area/ However, Budafok-Downtown became known for different reasons. Fór somé, it is known as the Budapest train station on the way to Laké Balaton; fór others, the enormous block of flats on Leányka Street; or, fór yet others, fór its highly ornamented towers of Törley-Castle. But this area offers a lot more.
Copyright (c) 2011 Zelenák Fruzsina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Barcelona is no doubt the „cutting edge” in landscape architecture in Europe. It is a city where life quality is determined by ergonomic and anthropocentric design at all scales of open-spaces. The objects of everyday life, the Street furniture are not only functional and artistic, but of high standard, too; the streets and squares get new function and general design according to their realistic role, the restoration and recreation of public parks follow clear design guidelines as well as a sustainable and environment-conscious approach. The renewal of the seaside area and its conscious fitting to the new residential district has transformed the cityscape and opened new dimensions to facilitate people's connection with water.
Copyright (c) 2011 Eplényi Anna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The city and the natural landscape are living spaces of a similar scale. In a city, it is an essential question how it relates to the landscape and to the natural hőst environment. The questions and problems can be formal, spatial, functional in natúré, but in most cases the main question is about the degree of violence, namely, whether the city’s development is in accordance with local, natural conditions, or conflicting with them. If we accept that the city is a growing, living structure, it is favorable, if it is striving to "cooperate" with the natural landscape features and mechanisms, which it had taken possession of. What I mean by cooperation, I will show the example of two major natural and natural-like structural lines of Berlin, and by some of their points.
Copyright (c) 2011 Szövényi Anna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The protection, the GIS list and the official records of historic gardens in Hungary
The term is well-known in the definition of the Florence Charter (1981): "A historic garden is an architectural and horticultural composition of interest to the public from the historical or artistic point of view". According to Article 4, the plán of a historic garden is a significant part of its compositions. Act LXIV. on the protection of cultural heritage (APCH), which has been in force since October 2001, defines the legal concept of historic gardens in Article 36 (Paragraph 1): A historic garden is a landscape structure, a green surface óra park that has historic or artistic value independently or aspart of a historic landscape structure.
Copyright (c) 2011 Fekete J. Csaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
When we talk about rivers, we mean the watercourses that we see on the surface of the earth. But rivers themselves are only the backbone and one dynamic element of the river landscape. The river landscape is the space created by a river by the constant and long-term concentrated draining of water from the surrounding territory. Throughout history, humans severely changed the river landscape and adapted it to their needs. This has affected the entire landscape´s ability to retain water, resulting in a lack of water and the inability of the river landscape to cope with floods. In recent years, intensive construction in flood zones has caused more material damage and even loss of human life. It is clear that the current system of river landscape management is not working adequately. The river landscape should be reconstructed and its important functions restored as the basic hydrological system of the entire landscape is at risk. Presently the landscape is unable to adequately respond to climate change. To retain water in the landscape, it is necessary to initiate the fundamental reconstruction of the river landscape system to reduce water runoff from agricultural, forest, and residential landscapes. The way to ensure change and to improve the landscape is to employ comprehensive landscape planning and ensure management of the landscape as a whole. The river landscape is an element of fundamental and large-scale natural infrastructure. It is the result of long-term geological, pedological, hydrological and climatic processes. It is a shared common space for water, biodiversity and open space for people. In the near future, it should become a key nature-friendly area creating and fostering biodiversity. Landscape planning allows us to define landscape infrastructure as a public good. Functional infrastructure has a key stabilizing effect on the landscape and on the overall quality of our lives. If we return the river landscape to a natural form (at least partially), we will reduce the risk of major flood damage. The river landscape can also be an open space for people (flood river parks) and an ecologic continuum. Moreover, it is a biodiversity supporting habitat. Let us grant the river landscape its rights and return it to as close to a natural state as possible. In this way it can support functions to stabilize water in the landscape, as well as promoting biodiversity and becoming an open space for people.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salzmann, Klara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Introducing the Béla Rerrich College of Landscape Architecture
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHRISTINA LENART (ARCHITECT), ERNST GRUBER (ARCHITECT), MICHAEL KLEIN (ARCHITECT-URBANIST) AUSTRIA, WIEN What if you enter a competition for a modernist city in times of financial crisis? How to tie people’s urge for individual expression and priváté property to a city center that has been born out of the idea of collectivization? DIY-urbanism instead of waiting for the one to come!
OSA ARCHITETTURA E PAESAGGIO: MASSIMO ACITO (ARCHITECT, TEAM LEADER), MARCO BURRASCANO (ARCHITECT), LUCA CATALANO (LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT), ANNALISA METTA (LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT), LUCA REALE (ARCHITECT), CATERINA ROGAI (ARCHITECT) LUCIA DE VINCENTI (ARCHITECT) FRANCESCO D’IPPOLITO (CONTRIBUTOR) ITALY, ROME
ZSUZSANNA TÓTH (ARCHITECT), CSABA HORVÁTH (ARCHITECT), TAMAS HOFFMAN (ARCHITECT) HUNGARY, BUDAPEST LACK OF AN URBAN CITY CENTRE Although Ajka has a history of many centuries, it has been a town for fifty years and is the home of a wide range of industries, it has nőt been able to develop a city center of urban character. The transformation of numerous small agricultural settlements into a rather large industrial town (by local standards) happened extremely quickly in the 1950s.
CASCIUMARIO (ARCHITECT), FRANCESCA RÁNGÓ (ARCHITECT), DÁVIDÉ NEGRO (ARCHITECT), SIMONÉ DE IACOBIS (ARCHITECT), SARA TRIPPANERA (ARCHITECT) ITALY, CAGLIARI As most of the cities that based their economy on heavy industry, Ajka had to start a change in its economic strategy: light industry, service economy, and cultural Services instead of heavy production. Moreover, Ajka is a “new town" and maybe it lacks the typical stratification -úrban and social- that other European places have acquired during the last centuries. We strongly believe that the right direction for a new plan is to define collective spaces as the generators of the urban fabric.
Martin Jancok, architect; Irakli Eristavi, architect; Pavol Silla, architect; Silvia Miklugová, architect; Milán Vlcek, architect, Slovakia, Presov. Ajka is a typical small post-socialist town formed in the 1950s by connecting eight villages. It is definitely a calm and lovely piacé to live in. Good conditions for living are secured by a variety of low-density housing providing intense contact with the green, an imminent accessibility to natúré, laké and recreational activities. Today with the emergence of the service sector and new industries Ajka seems to be quite successful in transforming from a former industrial town. This development and social re-form should be expressed in urban conversion sooner or later. This can be reached through the definition of Ajka's new urban identity.
In November 2011 the EFLA (European Federation for Landscape Architecture) Regional Congress for Landscape Architecture was held in Tallinn, organized by the Estonian Landscape Architects’ Union (ELAU). As an antecedent of the congress an international competition for landscape architect students had been proclaimed called “Mind The Gap - Gaps in Urban Life” - according to the title of the congress: “Mind The Gap - Landscapes For A New Era”. The task was to give a definition for the phrase “gap”, and analyze related problems and conflicts in the life of the city. An example was also needed to work out a case study on the topic. As a conclusion a trouble- shooting solution had to be presented as well. Announcers highlighted they did not want to set boundaries to our imag- ination. The proposal could be a Virtual project elaborated fór the competition on an already existing conflict reflecting to urban gaps. The range of project elements was huge: it could be a garden, public area, urban design and Street art compo- nents or any installation related to the theme. The proposal had to be presented on A1 sized posters with the template of the congress, given by the organizers.
Copyright (c) 2011 Hegyi Nóra, Szabó Eszter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reconstruction plan of the main square and holy spirit square in Óbuda
Óbuda has always played a significant role in the history of Budapest, therefore it was an interesting task to work on the Main Square (Fő tér) and the closely linked Holy Spirit Square (Szentlélek tér). The Main Square, which has kept the small town atmosphere once so typical of Óbuda, is the admin- istrative centre of the III. District in Budapest. In contrast, the Holy Spirit Square is more dynamic and lively duen to the public transport junction located there. The connection of the squares creates an interestingly close knit yet varied area. Most of the unification is thanks to the 400 years old Zichy Castle with its long homogenous wall on the East side of the two squares.
Copyright (c) 2011 Perneczky Sára https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The tasks of landscape architects are increasingly formed by the goals, strat- egies and legislation of the European Union such as environmental, building rules and requirements for recycling. The European Union not only sets expectations for the future but also offers employment possibilities of for landscape architects. Our grad- uate students can participate in inter- national tenders as well as apply for a job all over in any country of the EU. So we can treat it as a fact that landscape architects should know the intemational and especially European requirements applied to their profession in order to be competitive on the labor market.
Copyright (c) 2011 Sallay Ágnes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Report from the Hungarian landscape contractor's competition 2011
Between September 23rd and 25th 2011, the Association of Landscape Contractors of Hungary (MAKEOSZ) organized - for the third time in a row - the Hungarian Landscape Contractor's Competition, this time at a new venue, at the parking lot of the SYMA Event Centre. The slogan of this year’s competition was “Survival = Green!”. The competition was of a similar character like the previous ones - each one of the participating teams had a stand of 20 square meters at their disposition to create their own installation according to the idea inspired by the slogan.
Copyright (c) 2011 Balogh Péter István https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Winter-hardy palm lilies and opportunities of their employment in Hungary
The Yucca species are the plants of tropical, subtropical, arid mountain and desertic regions. The genus does only grow naturally in the new world spreading neotropic, the centre of their diversity is Central America. The name „Palm Lily” has got wherefore they rosette resembles the palms and they flowers are lily white. Yucca is a woody perennial shrubs and trees with stem or without stem. It is a terrestrial plant (very rarely epiphytic: Y. lacandonica). Secondary expansion appears in its stem, the system of bundles solidified by forceful bundles. Its species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, with succulent, dorsiventral sword-shaped leaves with terminál spines often present. Yucca is easily recognisable by the typical filiferous leaf margin, which is otherwise only found in Hesperaloe and a couple of Agave species. The mostly withish wax-like pendent flowers in usually compact inflo- rescens are another diagnostic features of the genus. The perianth is connate, in most species any union of the perianth segments is at the base, with the top part of the segment free. The stamens are attached at the base of the tepals or the tepal tube inner side (Borhidi, 1995; Irish, 2000). The yucca’s ovary is superior and the inferior ovary of agaves shows the two different evolution line in the family in Podani’s opinion (2003). They exhibit a high water-use efficiency connected with the common occurrence of the water-conserving Crassulacean Acid Metabolism like CAM-mode of photosynthesis (Nobel, 1988). The genus is well-known from chemotaxonomical aspects, contains high concentrate of saponin and sapogenin (Gentry, 1982). Yuccas were used in popular therapy as a shampoo (Wall et al., 1961). Yucca’s leaves are to use fór several products and different young parts of the plánt have been an important food source. The Hungarian planting design of the Palm Lily does back high in the past. For example, Yucca gloriosa, as “Jucca indica or Jucca gloriosa like glorious, vainglorious rush was in evidence in the flower register of Posoni Garden. Rapaics wrote in his book (1932) “Magyarság Virágai” that Yucca gloriosa and Campsis radicans (which could use fór creeper aside the walls and trellis) had current among many American flowers had known by Lippay.
Copyright (c) 2011 Szabó Krisztina, Gerzson László https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The potential role of greenways in landscape and urban develpoment
THE CONCEPT OF GREENWAYS The concept of greenways first appeared during the period of the creation and first expansion of ígth century cities. It was the era in which the development of urban architecture was fundamentally determined by the garden city movement based on the notions of Ebenezer Howard, while the design- work of Frederick Law Olmsted lay the foundation of landscape architecture as a new specialisation. Motivated by Howard’s ideas, Raymond Unwin developed the concept and design principles of the ‘green beit’ using London as the example. One of the significant achievements of Olmsted’s activities was the establishment of the ‘parkway’ concept, which has gained recognition as an efficient tool for improving the quality of city environments in America. In the second half of the 20th century, a new concept was forged by merging ‘parkway’ and ‘green belt’: the notion of a ‘greenway’ was introduced by William Whyte, the American urban architect and architecture writer. This notion, which has come to gain wide-ranging recognition by the beginning of the 21st century, has varied content when used in relation to American and Asian metropolises, the environs of European cities or smaller regions undergoing urbanisation. The shared core of those increasingly complex interpretations could be characterised as follows: greenways are linear elements of green networks with a set of functions that includes a recreational and/or ecological role, and which, in the optimál case, appears within urban development as an independent design category.
Copyright (c) 2011 Bárcziné Kapovits Judit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0